Integumentary

• Integumentary System


  consists of skin and and accessory structures such as hair, glands and nails.
• Integument


  covering
• Functions of Integumentary system

  protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin d production, excretion
• Skin


  it is made up of two major tissue layers which are the epidermis and dermis
• Epidermis


  most superficial layer of skin
• Dermis


  a layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis
• 10-20


  On average, dermis is _____ thicker than epidermis.
• Epidermis


  skin layer that prevent water loss and resists abrasion
• Dermis


  layer of the skin responsible for most of the skin's structural strength
• Subcutaneous tissue


  skin rests on a layer of connective tissue called _____________, where it is not part of the skin but it does connect the skin to underlying muscle or bone
• stratified squamous epithelium


  what type of tissue is the epidermis?
• Keratinization


  process in which cells change shape and chemical composition when they become filled with the protein keratin, which makes the cell more rigid and durable
• Strata


  distinct layers of the epidermis are called
• Stratum basale


  deepest layer of epidermis, consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic activity about every19 days

  
• Stratum Corneum


  the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells filled with keratin

  
• Dandruff


  excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp
• Callus


  area of thick hard skin due to being subjected to friction
• Corn


  in a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can be thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called _______
• Dermis


  composed of dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages
• Cleavage Lines


  directions in which the skin is most resistant to stretch due to the different orientation of collagen bundles
• Stretch Marks


  develop when skin is overstretched leaving lines visible in the epidermis, commonly happens when a person increase in size quite rapidly
• Dermal Papillae


  a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries that supply the epidermis its vasculature
• Intradermal Injection


  administered by drawing the skin taut and inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis
• Subcutaneous injection


  achieved by pinching the skin to form a tent and inserting a short needle into the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous region
• Intramuscular injection


  accomplished by inserting a long needle at a 90 degree angle to the skin into a muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue
• Melanin


  group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair and eye color
• Melanocytes


  irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between epithelial cells of the deep part of the epidermis which produces melanin
• Melanosomes


  Golgi apparatuses that package or carry granules that produce melanin
• Same


  Different races have ________ number of melanocytes.
• Albinism


  recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin
• Ultraviolet Light


  Exposure to sun's ____________ stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production
• Suntan


  browning of the skin from exposing it to the sun
• Cyanosis


  a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
• Birthmarks


  congenital disorders of blood vessels in the dermis
• Carotene


  the yellow pigment of the skin
• Hypodermis


  the subcutaneous tissues is sometimes called _______ which means "under the dermis"
• Adipose Tissue


  functions as padding and insulation in the subcutaneous tissues which is responsible for some differences between men and women appearance
• 21% to 30%


  Acceptable percentage of body fat for females
• 13% to 25%


  Acceptable percentage of body fat for males
• Hair


  compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers