AUBF SUMMARIZED

• Average daily urine output

  1200 mL
• Normal daily urine output range

  1200-1500 mL
• Range where urine can still be considered normal

  600-2000 mL
• Kidneys continuously form urine as

  Ultrafiltrate of plasma
• Organic substances of Urine composition


  • Urea
  • Creatinine
• Inorganic substances of Urine composition


  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
• Urea


  Metabolic waste product from the liver, specifically from break down of amino acids
• Polyuria


  Abnormal urine output with an increase of >2000ml in daily urine volume
• Causes of Polyuria


  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Artificially induced by diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol
  • Nocturnal polyuria
• In diabetes mellitus


  Increased specific gravity in diluted urine
• Nocturnal Polyuria


  Abnormal polyuria urine output that shows an excretion of >500 mL of urine at night with a specific gravity <1.01
• Oliguria


  Abnormal urine output that shows excretion of <500 ml of urine per 24 hours
• Anuria


  Abnormal urine output showing a cessation of urine flow
• Formalin (Formaldehyde)


  Excellent sediment preservative; acts as reducing agent
• Sodium Fluoride


  Good preservative for drug analysis
• 24HR (TIMED) SPECIMEN


  Type of specimen for Quantitative chemical test
• CATHETERIZED SPECIMEN


  Type of specimen commonly for bacterial culture
• Commonly used specimen; Ideal specimen for screening


  • Random Specimen; First Morning Specimen
• NEPHRONS


  Functional unit of kidneys
• Juxtamedullary


  Longer loop of Henle which enters the Renal Medulla
• Total Renal Blood Flow


  Approx. 1200 ml/min
• Renal Plasma Flow


  600-700 ml/min per kidney
• Glomerular Filtration Rate


  125-130 ml protein free fluid
• Hydrostatic Pressures


  Created by the smaller size efferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries
• Oncotic Pressures


  Colloidal pressure of unfiltered plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries
• Significant renal functions


  • Glomerular Filtration
  • Tubular Reabsorption
  • Tubular Secretion
• Active Transport


  Requires energy and a substance that needs to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrier protein in the membrane of the renal tubular epithelial cells
• Passive Transport


  Movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in concentration or electrical potential
• Creatinine


  Glomerular filtration test method of choice
• Inulin


  Most accurate method for glomerular filtration tests
• Urea


  Earliest to be utilized due to its presence in all urine specimens
• Tubular Reabsorption Tests


  • Fishberg test
  • Mosenthal Test
  • Osmometry
  • Free Water Clearance
• Urochrome


  Pigment that causes the yellow color of urine
• Uroerythrin


  Pink pigment found in refrigerated samples resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates
• Bilirubin in urine


  Yellow foam appears when the specimen is shaken
• Biliverdin


  Yellow-green color urine
• Presence of blood


  Most common cause of abnormal urine color
• Porphyrins


  Red (port wine) urine specimens, resulting from the oxidation of porphobilinogen
• Non-pathogenic causes of red urine

  • Menstrual contamination
  • Ingestion of highly pigmented foods
  • Medication
• Melanin or homogentisic acid


  Abnormal brown black urine color