Endocrine

• Chemical messengers


  allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities
• Gland


  organ consisting of epithelial cells that is specialize in secretion
• Functions of the Endocrine System

  Metabolism rate regulation and tissue, Ion regulation, Water balance, Immune system regulation, HR and BP regulation and Control of glucose and other nutrients
• Autocrine Chemical Messengers


  released by cells and have a local effect on same cell type from which chemical signals released; e.g., prostaglandin
• Paracrine Chemical Messengers


  released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood
• Neurotransmitters


  chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
• Endocrine Chemical Messengers


  Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function
• Hormones


  chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
• Target tissues


  specific tissues acted on by each hormone
• to secrete


  Endocrine is derived from the word "Krino" meaning _____
• Within


  Endocrine is derived from the word "Endo" meaning _____
• Exocrine Glands


  glands that have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body
• set into motion


  Hormone is derived from the Greek word "Hormon" meaning ___________
• Lipid Soluble Hormones


  Nonpolar, include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones
• Binding proteins


  Since lipid soluble hormone cannot travel directly to the bloodstream, it is attached to __________ for its transport
• Water Soluble Hormones


  polar molecules, include protein hormones, peptide hormones and most amino acid derivatives
• Free Hormones


  Water Soluble hormones can be dissolve in the blood, many of them circulate as _________________
• Diffuse


  Large water soluble hormones tend to ________ from the blood into the tissues directly. Most of its target organs are very porous or has fenestrated capillaries
• Binding proteins


  Small water soluble hormones to avoid being filtered out , these hormones are required to attached to a _______________
• Humoral Stimuli


  secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients
• Neural Stimuli


  following action potentials, neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone
• Neuropeptides


  chemical messengers secreted by neurons directly into the bloodstream, in turn, stimulate the secretion of other hormones
• Hormonal Stimuli


  it occurs when a hormone is secreted, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones.
• Tropic Hormones


  anterior pituitary gland hormones which stimulate the secretion of another hormones
• Receptors


  hormones exert their actions by binding to proteins called _________
• Receptor Site


  the portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds
• Specificity


  tendency of a hormone to bind to one type of receptor and not to others
• Nuclear Receptors


  lipid soluble hormones bind to _________
• Membrane-bound receptors


  Water soluble hormones bind to ___________
• Amplification


  hormones activates many second messengers, each of which activates enzymes that produces enormous amount of final product is called ___________

  
• Pituitary Gland


  hypophysis; also known as the body's master gland
• Pituitary Gland


  small gland about the size of a pea, rests in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain
• Hypothalamus


  important autonomic nervous system and endocrine control center of the brain located inferior to the thalamus
• Anterior Pituitary Gland


  made up of epithelial cells derived from the embryonic oral cavity
• Posterior Pituitary Gland


  extension of the brain and is composed of nerve cells
• Infundibulum


  A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
• Hypothalamic-pituitary system


  capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones are called _________
• Posterior Pituitary Gland


  storage location for two hormones synthesized by special hormones in the hypothalamus
• Growth Hormone


  stimulates growth pf bones, muscles and other organs by increasing gene expression
• Pituitary Dwarf


  dwarfism due to underproduction of growth hormone; whose body remains small although normally proportioned