Aff

• Motivation


  What pushes us to start and keep doing things to reach our goals
• Emotion


  How we feel and react to things happening around us
• "Affective psychology" focuses on the study of affects, which encompass the wide range of emotions, feelings, and moods

  
• Why affective psychology is important

  • Affects (emotions, feelings, moods) are crucial because they:
  • Include all types of emotions, moods, and reactions
  • Help us deal with challenges, avoid bad things, and get rewards
  • Drive our behaviors and actions
• Motivation


  • Initiation: Sparks the beginning of any action

  Persistence: Keeps you going, helping you overcome obstacles and stay on track

  Goal-directedness: Focuses your efforts toward achieving specific goals
• Studying motivation is fascinating because it unravels the mystery behind human behavior, uncovering the reasons why people act as they do
• Why study motivation


  • -It's essential because motives serve as the driving forces behind our actions, providing insight into our own selves and understanding the complexities of human character
  • Through scientific inquiry, we gain objective insights backed by empirical evidence
  • This knowledge offers valuable insights for personal growth and enhancing our understanding of how to motivate ourselves and others effectively

  
• Why questions regarding behavior

  • Initiation: Why does behavior start?

  Persistence: Why is it sustained over time?

  Goal-directedness: Why is it directed toward some goals?

  Change: Why does it change?

  Termination: Why does it stop?
• Factors that cause behavior to vary in intensity

  • Within the individual:
  • Motivation fluctuations
  • Emotional states
  • Physical condition

  External circumstances:

  • Situational factors

  Between individuals:

  • Personality differences
  • Goals and values
  • Life experiences
  • Environmental influences

  
• Motivation


  A force, either internal or external, that activates, directs, and maintains behavior

  
• Intrinsic Motivation


  Motivation that comes from within the individual, driven by personal satisfaction or interest in the task itself

  
• Extrinsic Motivation


  Motivation that comes from outside the individual, driven by external rewards or pressures
• Sources of Motivation (Needs)

  • Biological Needs

  Psychological Needs

  Cognitions: Mental Events

  External Events: Incentives

  
• Components of Emotions


  • Feelings

  Physiological Preparedness

  Function

  Expression

  
• Theory


  An intellectual framework that can be used to identify and explain the relationships that exist among naturally occurring, observable phenomena
• How motivation is expressed

  • Behavioral Manifestations:
  • Attention
  • Effort
  • Latency
  • Persistence
  • Choice
  • Probability of Response
  • Facial or Bodily Expressions

  Antecedents:

  • Food Deprivation

  Physiology:

  • Brain Activation

  Self-Report:

  • Self-Reported Motivation

  
• Motivation


  The study of those processes that give behavior its energy and direction
• Principles Unifying the Discipline of Motivation

  • -Benefits Adaptation
  • Directs Attention
  • Is Variable
  • Has Various Qualities
  • Includes Approach and Avoidance
  • Reveals Human Nature
  • Inseparable from Social Context
  • Needs a Theory
• History of the Psychology of Motivation: Grand Theories

  • Will

  Instinct

  Drive

  Freud

  Hull
• Freud's drive theory


  • Impetus
  • Object
  • Aim
• Unconscious, repressed memories


  Part of Freud's drive theory
• Behaviorism


  • Thorndike
  • Behavior is modifiable
  • Law of effect
  • Law of readiness
• Aspects of behavior motivation explains

  • Initiation (why does it start)
  • Persistence (why is it sustained over time)
  • Change (why does it change direction)
  • Goal-directedness (why is it directed towards some goals and not others)
  • Termination (why does it stop)
• Internal Motives


  An internal process that energizes and directs behavior
• Pavlov


  Behavior is regulated by stimuli
• Need


  Conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and the nurturance of growth and well-being
• Cognition


  Mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and self-concept

  
• Watson


  • Stimulus response (S-R psychology)
  • Little Albert experiment used negative conditioning
  • Did not discuss emotion only behavior
• Emotion


  Short-lived subjective–physiological–functional–expressive phenomena that orchestrate how we react adaptively to the important events in our lives

  
• Drive


  • Woodworth introduced this concept
  • Internal energy or a motivator of a motion
• Drive-Reduction Theory


  • Hull
  • Primary drive- pooled energy source composed of all bodily deficits are innate (hunger, thirst)
  • Learned (secondary)- are learned by conditioning (money)
  • Drive is a negative and uncomfortable energy, and people are trying to reduce it
• External Events


  Environmental, social, and cultural sources of motivation that have the capacity to energise and direct behaviour
• Chain of Events


  • 1. Bodily needs
  • 2. Energized behavior- Drive energizes behavior
  • 3. Drive reduction
• Ways to infer motivation


  • Observing others and their behavioural manifestations
  • Knowing the antecedents to the behaviour
  • Observing physiology and engagement
  • Self-report
• Ask about money and whether the drives change based on era
• Shivering and stuff for cold weather
• Behavioral expressions of Motivation

  • Attention
  • Effort
  • Latency (the time a person delays a response after the stimulus)
  • Persistence
  • Choice
  • Probability of response
  • Facial expressions
  • Bodily gestures
• Cognitive dissonance reduction


  Read about it
• Engagement


  Refers to the behavioural intensity, emotional quality, and personal investment in another person's involvement during an activity
• Physiological needs


  • Involve biological system, if left unmet for long time, it will dominate our consciousness
  • When the need is gratified it's salience will fade and it will be forgotten about for a while