ANAPHY FINALS

• Respiratory system


  Passages that filter, moisten, and warm incoming air and transports it into the body, the lungs, and the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged
• Purpose of respiratory system

  • To protect our respiratory system
• Alveoli


  Microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged
• Respiratory processes


  1. Breathing or ventilation - movement f air or out of the lungs

  2. Respiration - entire process by which gases are exchange between the atmosphere and the body cells

  3. External respiration - Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood

  4. Internal respiration - Exchange of gases between blood and the body cells

  5. Cellular respiration - Oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by body cells as part of this process
• Respiration


  The exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs, the exchange of gases at the blood alveoli, and the use of oxygen to generate ATP
• Organs of the respiratory system

  • Upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx)
  • Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchial tree, lungs)
• Nose


  • Initial opening for the respiratory system, made of bone, muscle, and cartilage
• Nasal cavity


  • Space posterior to the nose, divided by nasal septum, contains nasal conchae to increase surface area of mucous membrane, mucous membrane cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
• Sinuses


  • Spaces in the bones of the skull that open into the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane continuous with nasal cavity
• Pharynx


  • Posterior to the mouth, between the nasal cavity and the larynx, provides a common passage for air and food
• Larynx(Voice Box)


  • Enlargement at the top of the trachea, passageway for air, helps prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea, aids in creating vocal sounds
• Trachea


  • Extends into the thoracic cavity anterior to the esophagus, divides into the right and left main bronchi
• Bronchial tree


  • Branched air passages that connect the trachea to the air sacs
• Bronchial tree structure


  • Right and left primary/main bronchi
  • Secondary/lobar bronchi
  • Tertiary/segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles/intrabronchiolar bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
• Lungs


  • Pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest, separated by the mediastinum, enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
• Pleura


  • Visceral pleura attached to the surface of the lungs, parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity
• Lung lobes


  • Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes, each lobe composed of lobules containing alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissues
• Alveoli


  • Tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs at the end of the respiratory tree where gas exchange occurs
• Breathing/ventilation


  Air moves in and out of the lungs
• Inspiration


  Increase in thoracic cavity volume and decrease in air pressure causes air to be drawn into the lungs
• Expiration


  Decrease in thoracic cavity size and increase in air pressure causes air to be forced out of the lungs
• Control of breathing


  Normal breathing is rhythmic and involuntary, but respiratory muscles can be controlled voluntarily
• Digestive system


  Parts of the body involved in chewing and digesting food, moving the digested food through the body and absorbing the products of digestion
• Respiration


  The entire process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the body cells, necessary for cells to extract energy from nutrients and release carbon dioxide
• Functions of the digestive system

  • Break down the foods you eat
  • Release their nutrients
  • Absorb those nutrients in the body
  • Eliminate all the unnecessary materials
• Organs of the digestive system

  • Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal)
  • Accessory organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
• Alimentary canal


  Extends from the mouth to the anus, and includes several accessory organs that release substances used in digestion
• Mouth


  Receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking solid particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva (mastication)
• Pharynx and esophagus


  Do not assist in food digestion, but are important passageways with muscular walls that function in swallowing
• Esophagus


  Provides a passageway for food, and its muscular wall propels food from the pharynx to the stomach (peristalsis)
• Stomach


  • Receives food from the esophagus, mixes it with gastric juice, initiates the digestion of proteins, carries on limited absorption, and moves food into the small intestine
  • Churning action
• Small intestine


  Breaks down the food mixture even more so the body can absorb all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
• Parts of the small intestine

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• Ileum


  • Has lymph nodules (Peyer's patches) and a more diverse and extensive "microbiome"—the bacterial species that live in the human body
• Villi


  Greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal mucosa, making the small intestine the most important absorbing organ of the alimentary canal
• Large intestine


  Absorbs ingested water and electrolytes remaining in the alimentary canal, reabsorbs and recycles water and remnants of digestive secretions, and forms and stores feces
• Parts of the large intestine

  • Cecum
  • Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
• Rectum


  • The very last stop on the digestive tract, where solid waste stays until ready for elimination
• Accessory organs of the digestive system

  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
• Salivary glands


  Secrete saliva, which moistens food, helps bind food particles, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates, makes taste possible, helps cleanse the mouth, and regulates pH in the mouth