Global commons

• Global commons definition ?

  The parts of the planet that fall outside of national jurisdiction-areas that are not owned by anyone/country/ organisation.
• What are the 4 global commons ?

  High seas

  The atmosphere

  Outer space

  Antarctica
• Climate of Antarctica ?

  Coldest, driest, windless place on earth
• Is it habitable


  Most uninhabitable place on earth
• What % of the worlds surface does it account for ?

  10%
• What % of worlds fresh water does it contain ?

  70%
• What % of Antarctica is covered by ice ?

  99%
• How much rain per year ?

  200 mm
• What ocean surrounds Antarctica ?

  Southern ocean
• Lowest temp ?


  -60
• How much bigger than the uk ?

  60x
• What does it have an abundance of ?


  Animals, natural resources, minerals.....
• Tragedy of the Commons


  situation in which people acting individually who have common access resources will lead to over exploitation.leading tot he shared resource becoming depleted.
• Protection of the commons ?

  Each global common is covered by a number of international laws and treaty's to help preserve the area.
• Treaty/ laws for the high seas ?

  UNCLOS
• Treaty/ laws of the atmosphere ?

  UNFCCC, Paris accord, Kyoto agreement
• Treaty/ laws Antarctica ?

  Antarctic treaty system ATS
• Treaty/ laws outer space ?

  Outer space treaty
• Antarctic converge zone ?


  Where the warm sub arctic waters meat the cold waters of the southern ocean.

  Meeting of water creates a very productive ecosystem.

  The upwelling of currents brings nutrients and krill, plankton to the surface.

  So any input change e.g krill fishing or whale fishing can disturbed this whole process.
• What impact is climate change having on Antarctica ?

  Some areas on the east are seeing an increase in ice cover however extensive areas in the west are seeing rapid ice melt.
• Temp rise in Antarctica ?

  3 degree increase in the last 50 years
• What rate is Antarctica effected by climate change?

  A rate of 6x higher than the rest of the world.
• What has happened to the southern ocean as a result of increasing global temperatures?

  Southern ocean's temperature has risen by 1 degree
• What are the effects of warming temp on the western side of Antarctica then ?

  Penguins make moved.

  Increase plant cover as ice meats.

  kill has declined.
• What has the east side of Antarctica seen ?

  Sea ice expansion
• Effects of increasing co2.

  As a result of increasing temperatures we have seen an increase in Ocean acidification - effecting various processes.
• What was nearly wiped out in 1830s ?

  Arctic seal pop
• What is the blue whale figure ?

  10000,25000 3-11% of the 1911 figure
• What level did krill pop fall by by 1970s

  80%
• What happens to Minki whales ?

  2018 japan killed 333 of which 122 were pregnant females. For scientific research.
• What do the fall in these animal numbers mean ?

  Sever threat to the long term distribution of the food chain.
• How many dolphins have been killed by bycatch ?

  300,000
• How many Maurine species live in Antarctica ?

  235
• How many tones do kill get fished for yearly ?

  150,000 tones
• Has tourism in crease science 2011?

  Yes
• What has been the increase ?

  1980s- 5000 visitors

  2008-46000 visitors
• What is it seen as i terms of tourism ?

  Last chance tourism - ppl view it as we have to go now before were not allowed to .
• What has made tourism possible ?

  Advances in transport, clothing, tech.
• Where do most visitors come from which makes the effects less due to better education ?

  HIC'S
• What is the concern w tourism ?

  The introduction of new species, seeds bacteria ...