geo 2

• urbanisation = increase in people living in towns and cities
• in 1950, 33% of worlds population lived in urban areas, in 2015 55% of worlds population lived in urban areas
• estimated that by 2050 70% of worlds population will live in urban areas
• urban growth = increase in land covered by cities
• urban growth is caused by…

  1. natural increase
  2. rural to urban migration
• natural increase is…

  • higher birth rate than death rate = population will naturally increase
  • found in staged 2 and 3 of DTM
  • more young adults having children and less old people dying due to improved healthcare
• push factors of rural to urban migration…

  • increased use of machinery in farming = less jobs
  • fewer services (hospitals, schools)
• pull factors for rural to urban migration

  • more better paid jobs
  • range of entertainment opportunities
• 65% of mega cities are located in LICs and NEEs
• Urban growth is happening more in LICs/NEEs due to industrialisation
• industrialisation…

  • as a country develops, economy changes from agriculture to manufacturing and services
  • most of secondary and tertiary jobs in cities
  • when this occurs lots of people move from rural areas to urban areas = urbanisation
• urban growth is happening more in LICs and NEEs due to natural increase
• natural increase…

  • LICs and NEEs in stages 2 and 3
  • high birth rate and low death rate = more people born than dying
  • population naturally increases
• Urban growth is happening more slowly in HICs
• counter-urbanisation…

  • in HICs, people deciding to leave cities and live in countryside to get better quality of life (less pollution, quieter)
  • can commute to work due to improved transportation
• Case study of urban area in the UK

  • London
• Population Distribution


  the way something is spread out over an area
• industrialisation


  growth of secondary manufacturing
• de-industrialisation


  decline of secondary manufacturing
• post industrial economy


  economy is mainly tertiary and quaternary industries
• brownfield sites


  land that has previously been built on
• greenfield sites


  land that has not been previously been built on
• international migration


  the movement of people across countries
• urban growth


  the increase in land covered by urban areas
• urban sprawl


  unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural area
• urban greening 


  increasing the amount of green space in a city
• social inequalities


  some areas have more opportunities than others
• rural-urban fringe


  the area on the edge of a city, where it meets the countryside
• green belt


  protected land at the rural-urban fringe where building is restricted
• dereliction


  areas that are abandoned and become run down
• urban regeneration


  the reversal of urban decline through redevelopment, aiming to improve the local economy
• social deprivation


  when a person or area is deprived of services and amenities
• the uk has a dense population in the south east

  • 32% live in the south east
• the uk has a sparse population in the north of england, Scotland and wales

  • it is warmer, less rainfall and flatter land in the south east
• 82% of the uk’s population lives in urban areas
• people live in urban areas because of job opportunities

  • most secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs are located in urban areas
• industrialisation in 18th and 19th century = factories opened in urban ares = urbanisation
• in the 1950s de-industrialisation occurred = growth of tertiary and quaternary jobs which are located in urban areas
• people live in urban areas due to social opportunities

  • more entertainment