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• Media


  Means of communication, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely
• Culture


  The behaviors, beliefs, values, traditions, and symbols that are shared and transmitted by members of a society, shaping their way of life and worldview
• Global Media Cultures explores the relationship between the media, culture and globalization
• Media


  • Has played significant roles in shaping the global processes of economics, politics, and culture- the three aspects that make up the multidimensionality of globalization
  • A tool for the interaction of people with different cultures
• Five stages of development of media

  • Oral communication
  • Script
  • Printing press
  • Electronic media
  • Digital media
• Oral communication


  1. Transmitting information or messages verbally through spoken words, gestures, or vocalizations, without the use of written language

  2. Language allowed humans to communicate and share information

  3. Language became the most important tool for exploring the world and the different cultures
• Script


  1. A written system of symbols used to represent language, typically for the purpose of recording spoken communication or language

  2. It allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration

  3. It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, and political practice
• Cuneiform


  • The world's oldest script developed by the Sumerians around 3400 BCE, features wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. It recorded languages like Sumerian and Akkadian, covering topics from transactions to literature, significantly impacting the preservation and transmission of knowledge
• Printing press


  1. A mechanical device for printing text or images from movable type or plates onto paper or other media, revolutionizing the distribution of written information

  2. It allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials

  3. It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, and political practice
• First printing press


  • Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. Using movable type, it enabled mass production of texts, including the famous Gutenberg Bible, and significantly advanced the spread of knowledge in Europe
• Electronic media


  1. Forms of communication that utilize electronic devices and technology to transmit information, such as television and radio

  2. It includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film and television

  3. The wide range of these media continue to open up new perspectives in economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization
• First electronic media


  • The radio, which emerged in the early 20th century. Guglielmo Marconi is credited with its development, and the first successful transatlantic radio signal was transmitted in 1901, revolutionizing communication by enabling real-time audio broadcasts
• Digital media


  1. Content that is stored, transmitted, and accessed in digital form, often through electronic devices like computers, smartphones, or tablets. This includes text, images, audio, video, and interactive multimedia

  2. It allows the advertisement of products and online business transactions and also includes social media
• The internet


  • A global network of interconnected computers, is the most significant digital media. Emerging in the late 20th century, it revolutionized communication, information sharing, and entertainment, enabling instant access to vast amounts of data and various digital media forms like websites, social media, and streaming services
• Culture


  Refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media
• Cultural impacts of globalization

  • Cultural differentialism
  • Cultural convergence
  • Cultural hybridity
• Cultural differentialism


  Local cultures maintain their unique identities despite globalization, emphasizing the importance of preserving diversity
• Cultural convergence


  Global interactions lead to cultural blending, but local variations continue to shape cultures, creating a dynamic mix of global and local influences
• Cultural hybridity


  The creation of new cultural forms through global interactions. Blending cultural elements, leading to the emergence of hybrid expressions beyond traditional boundaries
• Glocalization


  The dynamics between local and global cultural production. Local cultures are not weak, static, or fixed; they are built and understood anew each day in a globalized world. Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world due to globalization
• Media is a carrier of culture, it is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. However, the real media is the people. Marketing people seek the world for their cultural products, and managers facilitate interactions of culture for profit. Others bring cultural exchanges of beauty and power. These interactions result in the integration of cultures
• You are the media, shaping culture, igniting change
• State


  A political division of a body of people that occupies a territory defined by frontiers. The state is sovereign in its territory (also referred to as jurisdiction) and has the authority to enforce a system of rules over the people living inside it. That system of rules is commonly composed of a constitution, statutes, regulations, and common law.
• Basic elements of a state

  • Territory
  • Population
  • Government
  • Sovereignty
• Territory


  The defined geographical area under the jurisdiction of a state where its laws and authority are applicable
• Population


  The collection of people who reside within the territory of a state, subject to its laws and governance
• Government


  The system or body responsible for exercising authority and making decisions on behalf of the state, typically through institutions such as a legislature, executive, and judiciary
• Sovereignty


  The ultimate authority and independence of a state to govern itself without interference from external powers, recognized both domestically and internationally
• Interstate


  A system of unequally powerful and competing states in which no single state is capable of imposing control on all others. These states are in interaction with one another in a set of shifting alliances and wars, and changes in relative power of states upsets any temporary set of alliances, leading to restructuring of the balance of power.
• Global governance


  The capacity within the international system, at any given moment, to provide government-like services and public goods in the absence of a world government. It is a combination of informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, and organizations that help all actors - states, international organizations, non-government organizations - identify, understand, and address transboundary problems.
• Global interstate relations focus on


  The interactions between sovereign states
• Global governance encompasses


  The broader system of institutions and mechanisms that govern global affairs, involving both state and non-state actors in addressing transnational challenges and promoting cooperation
• International organization


  An organization that is established by a treaty, or is an instrument governed by international law and possessing its own legal personality
• NATO


  • An intergovernmental military alliance established in 1949, consisting of 30 member countries from North America and Europe, dedicated to collective defense and security cooperation
• Key functions of NATO

  • Collective Defense
  • Counter-terrorism
  • Global Partnerships
  • Military Operations
  • Cyber Defense
• United Nations (UN)


  An international organization formed in 1945 to foster cooperation among nations, comprising 193 member states, addressing global issues like peacekeeping, human rights, and sustainable development through diplomatic dialogue and specialized agencies
• Key principles of the UN

  • All Member States have sovereign equality
  • All Member States must obey the Charter
  • Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means
  • Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force
  • The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country
  • Countries should try to assist the United Nations
• Six principal organs of the UN

  • General Assembly
  • Security Council
  • Economic and Social Council
  • Secretariat
  • International Court of Justice
  • Trusteeship Council
• General Assembly


  The only UN organ where every country is represented, reviewing the performance of member countries and deciding on the budget for UN operations, convening annually in September with important decisions requiring a two-thirds majority vote
• Security Council


  The 15-member council, with 5 permanent members having veto power, seeking to address threats to international security through negotiations, sanctions, and authorizing the use of force, including peacekeeping missions