Intelligence and Language

• General Intelligence Facor (g) - the construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common.
• • Stanford-Binet is a measure of general intelligence
• Special.Intelligence (s), a measure of specific skills in narrow domains. 
• Fluid.Intelligence refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities.
• Crystallized.Intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives. 
• Seven Clusters of Primary mental abilities by L.L. Thurstone:

  • Word Fluency
  • Verbal Comprehension
  • Spatial Ability
  • Perceptual speed
  • Numerical Ability
  • Inductive Reasoning
  • Memory
• Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by  Robert Sternberg

  • Analytical Intelligence
  • Creative Intelligence
  • Practical Intelligence
• Convergent.Thinking is a thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem.
• Divergent.Thinking is the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem.
• Five components that are likely to be important for creativity:

  • Expertise
  • Imaginative Thinking 
  • Risk Taking
  • Intrinsic Interest
  • Working in a creative environment 
• Howard.Gardner's Eight Specific Intelligences:

  • Linguistic
  • Logico-Mathematical
  • Spatial
  • Musical
  • Kinesthetic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalistic
• Linguistic is the ability to speak and write well.
• Logico-Mathematical is the ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems.
• Spatial is the ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions.
• Musical is the ability to perform and enjoy music.
• Kinesthetic is the ability to move the body into sports, dance, or other physical activities.
• Interpersonal is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others.
• Intrapersonal is the ability to have insight into the self.
• Naturalistic is the ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things.
• Good intelligence tests are reliable, meaning that they are consistent over time and demonstrate construct.validity, meaning that they actually measure intelligence rather than something else.
• Standardization of a test involves giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level.
• • Flynn effect refers to the observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades.
• Mental.Age is the age at which a person is performing intellectually.
• Intelligence.Quotient is the  measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. 
• Most common intelligence tests are aptitude tests, which are designed to measure one’s ability to perform a given task.
• Four Potential factors:

  • Brain Size
  • Sensory Ability
  • Speed and Efficiency of neural transmission
  • Working memory capacity
• Part of the brain where intelligence is most active is in cortex.
• Mental.Retardatiooon is a generalized disorder ascribed to people who have an IQ below 70.
• Down.Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder leading to mental retardation caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome.
• Giftedness is often associated with higher scores on general intelligence.
• Factors that influence gender disparities:

  • Genetic Differences
  • Cultural Interpretation of Intelligence
  • Gender Discrimination 
  • Social Norms
• Eugenics, the proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable.
• Schoolchildren who are labeled as gifted may have adjustment problems that make it more difficult for them to create social relationships.
• Sex Differences:

  Men

  • Does better on tasks requiring spatial ability
  • Tend to do better on both geography and geometry tasks

  Women

  • Outnumber men in university degrees
  • Does better on some verbal tasks
  • Better emotional intelligence
• Phoneme is the smallest unit that makes a meaningful difference in a language. 
• • An example of this would be the world bit, which has three phonemes /b/ /i/ and /t/
• Phonemes mostly vary for every language.
• Category of sounds that are treated alike within the language, speakers of different languages are able to hear the difference only between some phonemes but not others is the categorical perception of speech sounds
• Morpheme is a string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language, this includes one-letter words.
• Syntax or the set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences.