AO1

• gender bias occurs when men or women are treated or represented differently in psychological research: historically been male-dominated field and consequently theories assume and represent a male point of view
• androcentrism: male centered view of the world where their traits are seen as the norm and so female traits are judged as abnormal
• beta bias: when a theory minimises or ignores the differences between sexes or assume findings from studies of males apply equally to females
• alpha bias: when a theory exaggerates the differences between sexes, eg Freud's theory of psychoanalysis viewed femininity as a form of failed masculinity