AO3

• In different double blind study, males given a weekly injection of testosterone or placebo, and no significant difference was found between two groups after 10 weeks suggesting testosterone doesn’t have a significant difference on aggression
• Batista family - androgen insensitivity syndrome where a male has a lack of testosterone in womb so can look physically female at birth, raised as female but turns into a male at puberty. The ease with which boys adopt a male gender role supports hormones have a crucial part in determining sex and gender
• Batista family is a small sample of unusual people so meaningful generalisation is limited, and nurture could have played a part due to supportive environment
• Albrecht and Pepe found increasing oestrogen levels in pregnant baboons led to heightened cortisol production. This study supports idea that oestrogen assists the development of organs and tissues in foetuses. It uses scientific methods: blood and saliva tests and collects objective data. However it is an animal study so causes methodological concerns as animal studies can't be generalised to humans as physiology of humans and animals (brain functioning) are very different, and human behaviour is much more subject to social and cultural influences
• Ardekani et al found women have more neural connections between left and right hemispheres than men. However this creates a socially sensitive area, which could reinforce harmful stereotypes eg if males have slight advantage in spacial reasoning on average, causes society to discriminate against women entering fields that require it
• Van Leengoed et al inhibited oxytocin production in female rats who had just given birth, and they showed delay in maternal behaviour eg grooming pups then normal behaviour was seen when antagonist wore off suggesting oxytocin contributes to gendered behaviour. However this causes methodological concerns as animal study so can't be generalised to humans as physiology of humans and animals (brain functioning) are very different, and human behaviour is much more subject to social and cultural influences