Protozoa

• Protozoology


  study of protozoa
• Protozoa


  unicellular animals in which activities of metabolism, locomotion and etc. are carried out by the organelles of the cell.
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek


  discovered the protozoa
• Morphology of Protozoa:

  A) not rigid, varied

  B) well defined

  C) not well defined

  D) holophytic

  E) holozoic

  F) ciliates

  
• T or F. The nucleus of the protozoa is prokaryotic.

  False. Eukaryotic
• Vesicular nucleus


  Consists of nuclear membrane which bounds the nucleoplasm in which lying more or less central, is an intranuclear body and the endosome of the nucleolus
• Endosome


  devoid of DNA
• Nucleolus


  possess DNA
• Compact nucleus


  coontians larger amount of chromatinn and small amount if nucleoplasm.
• The cytoplasm is homogenous and hyaline in appearance.

  Ectoplasm
• The cytoplasm contains granules, vacuoles, and pigments

  Endoplasm
• Gliding ( e.g. Toxoplasma and Sarcocystic)


  achieved without the aid of cillia and flagella
• Pseudopodia (e.g amoeba like orgnisms)


  Temporary locomotor organelles whch are formed when required and retracted when needed.
• Flagella (e.g. Mastigophora)


  Whip like filamentous structures which arise from basal granule or blephoroplast in cytoplasm
• Cilia


  fines, short, flagella structures origination from the basal granules in the pellicle or ectoplasm
• holophytic


  chharacteristics of plants, carbohydrate synthesized chlorophyll
• holozoic 


  utilized preformed food material from host (examples are Entamoeba, Balantidium)
• Saphrozoic


  absorb nutrients thriiugh the body wall which is utilized directly
• binary fiision


  2 daughter cell result from a parent cell; division at the longitudinal axis except ciliates which is along the transverse axis
• schizigony


  nucleu dvivides several time before the cytoplasm does
• schizont


  dividing form
• merozoite


  daughter form
• Budding


  Produced by the parent cell.

  The budded forms a seperated off and grow in full size
• Sporogony


  normally follows syngamy and sporocysts are formed within the wall of cysts
• Endoplyogeny


  internal budding; progeny are formed within the cell
• Endodyogeny


  simplified form of endopolyogeny; resulting to 2 daughter cells (Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis)
• Conjugation 


  occurs in ciliates; 2 organisms pair and exchange nuclear material ; individuals separate and nuclear organization takes lace
• Syngamy


  2 gamete (male and female macrogamete) fused to form a zygote
• gametogony


  gamete formation
• Isogamy


  gametes similar in size
• Anisogamy


  gametes of different size
• Class: Zoomastigophora


  flagellate protozoa possessing one or more thread like flagella ; some have pseudopodia; lack chromatophores and feed in a holozoic manner

  nucleus-vesicular

  reproduction- binary fission
• Family: Trypanosomatidae

  all are parasitic and evolved from parasites of the alimentary canal of insects

  found in blood, tissues of mammals and birds

  leaf-like shaped; single flagellum which is attached to the body
• Trypomastigote Stage


  blade like form with a kinetoplast posterior to the nucleus.

  undulating membrane is well develop and free flagellum is present.

  usually found in invertebrate host but also found in arthropod infective stage for the vertebrate host.
• Epimastigote Stage


  Kinetoplast and axoneme lie anterior to the nucleus

  Undulating membrane is short
• Promastigote Stage 


  kinetoplast and axoneme are the anterior tip of the body

  no undulating membrane

  fouund in arthropod or plant
• Amastigote Stage 


  Rounded body ; flagellum is absent or reperesented by short fibril

  Kinetoplast is present

  Found in vertebrates or arthropods
• Genus : Trypanosoma

  occur in vertebrates particularly in blood and tissue fluids

  transmitted by blood sucking arthopods

  mechanical transmission -- occuurs by biting flies
• Genus: TRYPANOSOMA ; Stercoraria (posterior-lewisi group)


  metacyclic trypanosomes in the posterior of the host and transmitted by contamination through feces

  nonpathogenic ecxept T. cruzi
• Genus: TRYPANOSOMA; Salivaria (anterior)


  metacyclic trypomastigote stage in anterior of arthropod host

  transmission by inoculation