4.9

• Improve sanitisation - Seperate human excretion from contact with humans, this is achieved by toilets and latrines
• Waste can be removed by:

  • Creation of sewer systems that collect human fecies, urine and waste water
  • Connection to a septic system wich consists of a underground settling tank
• Flush Toilet - Uses a holding tank for flushing water and a seal to prevent smell
• Pour toilet - Has a seal to prevent smell, but water has to be poured manually
• Pit Latrine - Type of toilet that collects human fecies in a hole in the ground and sometimes ventilated to reduce smell
• Composting Toilet - Dry toilet where vegtable waste, straw, grass. sawdust and ash are added on top of the human waste to create compost
• TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

  • Sewage Outfall
  • Screening Tank
  • Primary Treatment, first settling tank
  • Secondary Treatment, Oxidisation
  • Secondary Treatment, Second Settling tank
  • Tetriary treatment
• Sewage Outfall - Waste water from homes and industries taken into the sewage plant
• Screening Tank - Large objects are removed by a coarse grid
• Primary Treatment, First Settling tank - Solid organic matter settles at the bottom of the tank forming sludge. Clean water overflows the sides and is taken to the next stage
• Secondary Treatment, Oxidisation - Water is pumped into a tank where oxygen is bubbled through encouraging the growth of bacteria and other microbes to grow causing BOD
• Secondary Treatment, Second Settling Tank - Water enters and bacteria settles at the bottom causing more sludge to form. Clean water overflows and is discharged into a river
• Tetriary Treatment - Further filtering out of its effluent or chlorination wich produces even cleaner effluent
• Water Treatment - Water is made poatable by undergoing coagulation treatment, being filtered and disinfected
• Coagulation - Particles in the water are stuck together and settle to the bottom of the container
• Filtering through sand - Water is filtered through sand
• Pollution control and Legislation P1

  • Put pressures on polluters to find a way of reducing pollution
  • Require industries to monitor pollution and stay within a set limit
  • Creation of agreements similar to the GLWQA wich a loading limit of phosphorous to combat eutrophication
  • Create fines when limits are exceeded
• Pollution control and legislation P2

  • Prosecute companies for violating set limits and in worse cases force them to shut down
  • Make companies need government agreement on strategic plans to reduce pollution levels.
  • Create insentives to encourage companies to take part such as grants and tax relief if they actually cut down pollution
• Effluent - A discharge of liquid waste
• Algee Bloom - The rapid growth of algae in water, particularly by a surge in nutrients.