Lecture 2 - Social & Emotional Development

• Facial gestalts


  Collection of facial expressions
• Basic emotions


  • Happy
  • Sad
  • Anger
  • Shame
  • Shy
• Complex emotions


  • Guilt
  • Jealousy
  • Pride
• Danielle Lierow spent first 8 years alone so will cognitively remain at 6-24 months
• What is Smiling like at <1 month

  reflexive
• Harlow's evolutionary perspective (1958)


  Infants like hugs (just like monekys preferred comfy mother to the mother that provided food)
• Kewpie doll effect


  
  

  • neotenous features eg. round face, big eyes, large head
  • cross species adoption (predators adopt prey) = neural basis of caregiving
• Neotenous features


  • Large head, big eyes, round face
• Caria et al 2012

  
  

  • biological mechanisms underlie responsiveness and caring inclinations towards young children

  
  

  Found that viewing unfamiliar infant faces activates premotor cortex and reward system
• People preferred "cute" cars
• 36 hours old infants can mirror emotional expressions
• Crying 1-3 hours per day in first 6 weeks, reach highest level at 6 weeks
• Crying can reflect native language intonation
• From what age is Jealousy seen from?

  Self-conscious emotion, seen from 6 months
• What scenario exhibits the most frequent Coy smiles (colonnesi, 2012)

  
  

  Mirror + stranger present
• What happens in Proto-conversations

  
  

  • From 6 - weeks, infants join in rhythmic exchanges
  • Turn- taking (orient their eyes to both people speaking)
• Infant gets extremely distressed in the still face experiment
• Social referencing


  Infant looks to caregiver when they come across uncertain situations
• What did Newson & Newson (1963) suggest about smiling?

  Aids process of bonding - parents enjoy spending more time with their kid
• What do infants at 8-10 months use smiling for?

  as a tool - anticipatory smiling
• What can the Kewpie doll effect be used as?

  a schema - can make inanimate objects look cute
• What did Michael Lewis suggest self conscious emotions require?

  Cognitive attributional model

  1. Cognitive abilities
  2. sense of self
• What are 2 reasons why we should be cautious of evolutionary perspectives?

  1. overly adapted arguments lacking evidence
  2. spandrels - possible traits have no biological explanation
• Does Coy smiling assume a sense of self?

  no
• What area of the brain has EEG identified with jealousy?

  anterior regions
• At what age does MSR emerge?

  15-24 months
• Only infants who pass the MSR test display what 2 emotions?

  empathy and embarassment
• What is a coy smile described as?

  Positive shyness
• What age are coy smiles reported to start?

  2-4 months
• What does Michael Lewis argue about experiencing emotions.

  Only occurs once an infant is capable of consciousness
• What age/hours are neonates?

  36 hours
• Field 1982


  • Neonates can discriminate between facial expressions posed by live model.
  • also imitated them!!
• Which infants show surprise at incongruent condition? Hepach & Westerman (2013)

  • 14 month olds show surprise (pupil dilation) at incongruent condition
• Till when do infants cry the most?

  Till 6 weeks, 1-3 hours a day
• What 3 crying patterns did Schaffer (1971) identify?

  1. Basic
  2. Distress/angry
  3. Pain
• What happens in social referencing?

  Infant looks to mother to glean information about an uncertain situation