Reconstruction

• Ten Percent Plan


  1863 Reconstruction plan of Abraham Lincoln. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.
• 14th Amendment


  1868 amendment granting civil rights to freedmen.
• 15th Amendment


  1870 amendment prohibiting race-based voting denials.
• Civil Rights Bill of 1866


  Counteracted Black Codes, conferred citizenship on African Americans.
• Carpetbaggers


  Northern investors in the South post-Civil War.
• Compromise of 1877


  Agreement making Hayes president and ending Reconstruction.
• Reconstruction Act of 1867


  Divided South, disenfranchised Confederates, required amendments.
• Hayes, Rutherford B


  Republican president due to Compromise of 1877.
• Impeach


  Process to charge public officials for misconduct.
• Johnson, Andrew


  Lincoln's VP and 17th President, opposed radical Reconstruction.
• Radical Republicans


  Faction aiming for complete slavery eradication and civil rights.
• Scalawags


  Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners post-Civil War.
• Stevens, Thaddeus


  Leader of radical Republicans in the House.
• Sumner, Charles


  Senate Republican radical leader during Reconstruction.
• Tenure of Office Act


  Required Senate approval for appointee removal.
• Wade-Davis Bill


  Required 50% voter allegiance for readmission.
• Black Codes (1865-1866):


  Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.
• Exoduster


  From 1878 to 1880, some twenty-five thousand blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi surged in a mass exodus to Kansas.
• Freedmen's Bureau


  (1865-1872): Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.
• Revels, Hiram


  Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction.
• Sharecropping


  is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.
• Tenant Farming


  A tenant farmer is a person who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land in exchange for rent being paid in cash.
• Howard, Oliver


  Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen. He was also a leader in promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Howard University in Washington, D.C., and serving as its president 1867-73.
• Nast, Thomas


  Called the "Father of the American Cartoon," Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was an influential caricaturist and political cartoonist. Remembered for his Civil War and Reconstruction-era illustrations in Harper's Weekly,
• Ku Klux Klan


  A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.
• Force Acts(1870-1871):


  Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.
• Jim Crow Laws


  Laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.
• Plessey v. Ferguson


  Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".