Chem/Physic, Core, Bio/Psyc

• Explain the nerve pathway.

  Sensory reception:

  Gathering and transmitting information from sensory receptors to the brain.

  Integration:

  Processing the information in the brain and spiral cord and making decisions.

  Response:

  Transmitting information to muscle and glands to respond.
• Heterozygous mixture: a mixture that has an inconsistent composition, often the parts of the mixture are easily seen.
• Homogeneous mixture: a substance in which two or more substances are uniformly spread out.
• Flame test: How are colours produced?

  Electrons gain energy from heat (flame) and move from their ground state to a higher energy level (they become excited). As they return back to their original orbital, they release energy in the form of light of different wavelengths.  Different elements have different flame colours because their electrons have different allowed energy levels.
• List the main ideas of cell theory

  1. All living things are made of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• 1. Nucleus: contains and protects D.N.A (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2. Cell Membrane:  controls what enters and leaves the cell
  3. Mitochondrion:  changes glucose (sugar) into energy to be used by the cell by the process of cellular respiration.
  4. Vacuole:  storage place for water, salts etc.
  5. Cytoplasm:  jelly-like substance that stores some substances.
  6. Cell Wall:  cellulose wall that gives plant cells support and structure
  7. Chloroplast:  makes glucose for the plant using sunlight through photosynthesis
• Diffusion: When molecules diffuse they spread out from where there is an area of high concentration to where there is an area of low concentration.
• Osmosis: is the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution into a stronger solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
• Plasmolysis: When plant cells are placed into a strong sugar or salt solution water passes out of the cells by osmosis. As more water leaves the cells the cytoplasm starts to peel away from the cell wall. These cells are now plasmolysed.
• Isotonic solution: The concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell. Water molecules move equally in both directions, resulting in the cell maintaining its shape and turgidity.
• Hypotonic: The solution outside the cell has a lower solute concentration than the solution inside the cell. Water moves into the cell due to osmosis causing the cell to swell and become turgid.
• Hypertonic: the solution outside the cell has a higher solute concentration than the solution inside the cell. Water moves out of the cell, causing the sap vacuole/cell to shrink and become plasmolysed.
• Pseudoscience a fake science that has well-established beliefs that have not changed over the centuries.
• Psychiatrist a medical doctor who specialises in the management of people with mental illness.
• A Psychologist works with people to help them understand these aspects of themselves.
• Ethical guidelines:

  • Confidentiality—Participants have a right to privacy and must not be identified or named in the research.
  • Voluntary participation—People must be willing to take part in the study. They cannot be coerced with bribes or pressure.
  • Debriefing—Participants have a right to know the results of the study and where they can seek psychological assistance if needed after the study.
• Roles psychologist play in science:

  • study theories using a scientific approach
  • evaluate the evidence
  • report findings
• Three types of observations:

  • Controlled Observations - the researcher controls the environment in which the subjects are being observed.
  • Participant Observations - Involves the subjects in their own environment but the researcher joins in  the natural environment in order to more closely observe and gather information.
  • Natural Observations - The subjects are being observed within their own natural environment.
• Central nervous system: This is made up of the brain and spinal cord; its main role is to process information delivered to it from the PNS.

  Peripheral nervous system: This consists of the outlying neurons that deliver messages from sensory receptors and organs throughout the body to and from the CNS.
• • Dopamine: Sends and receives information between motor neurons and muscles therefore is important for coordinated movement.
  • Serotonin: Released in response to emotion (positive) e.g. when you get a text message, your brain releases this neurotransmitter. It has a role to play in focus and memory consolidation.
• • GABA: An inhibitory neurotransmitter; i.e. when released it slows or stops the neuron from transmitting its impulse/action potential. It allows us to stay calm.
  • Acetylcholine: Referred to as the stress hormone as it prepares your body for fight or flight. It increases heart rate and shuts down digestion.
  • Noradrenaline: Regulates mood and plays a role in sleep and wakefulness cycles in addition to eating behaviours.
• • Sensory memory—Information constantly bombards our senses. It is sent from our sense organs such as eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin to our brain.
  • Short-term memory—This enables us to store the stimuli we experience, but only for a limited time. If there is a meaning to the information, we may transfer it to long-term memory so we can access it again at some stage.
  • Long-term memory—This stores information for long periods, providing we use it.
• How can short-term memories be strengthened?

  • Use sensory prompts, such as colour, smell, sound (chewing gum study)
  • Rehearsal and repetition
• Describe the effects that neurotransmitters can have on the activity of neurons.

  Some neurotransmitters excite or trigger a message to be sent along the next neuron, while other neurotransmitters can inhibit (slow down or stop) activity.
• Myelin sheath: white, fatty coating surrounding the axon of many neurons; insulates the axon and quickly directs the message to the end of the axon.
• What occurs at the synapse?

  A neuron fires, or sends a message, by releasing neurotransmitters. The message is converted into an electrical impulse that travels through the neuron. The message is transmitted to the next neuron by other neurotransmitters until the message arrives at its destination.
• Fill in the blanks

  A) Body Tube

  B) Nose Piece

  C) Objective Lenses

  D) Stage Clips

  E) Diaphragm

  F) Light Source

  G) Ocular Lens

  H) Arm

  I) Stage

  J) Coarse Adjustment

  K) Fine Adjustment

  L) Base

  
• Fill in the blanks

  A) Animal

  B) Plant

  C) Nucleus

  D) Cell membrane

  E) Vacuole

  F) Mitochondrion

  G) Cytoplasm

  H) Vacuole

  I) Cell wall

  J) Mitochondrion

  K) Cell membrane

  L) Cytoplasm

  M) Nucleus

  N) Chloroplast

  
• Fill in the blanks

  A) Cerebral cortex

  B) thalamus

  C) Hippocampus

  D) pineal gland

  E) cerebellum

  F) brainstem

  G) Amygdala

  H) hypothalamus

  I) corpus callosum (joins the two hemispheres)

  
• Fill in the blanks

  A) Frontal lobe

  B) Broca area

  C) Parietal lobe

  D) temporal lobe

  E) occipital lobe

  F) Wernicke area

  G) Motor strip and sensory strip

  
• State the law of conservation of matter. How does it relate to a chemical reaction?

  Law of conservation of matter state that matter can be neither created nor destroyed. Hence, in a chemical reaction there must be the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides. The mass of all the reactants (the substances going into a reaction) must equal the mass of the products (the substances produced by the reaction).
• Fill in the blanks

  A) giant

  B) giant

  C) giant

  D) simple molecules

  E) yes

  F) yes

  G) no

  H) no

  I) no

  J) yes

  K) no (except in graphite)

  L) no

  M) strong

  N) strong

  O) very strong

  P) very strong

  Q) high

  R) high

  S) very high

  T) low

  U) when molten/in solution

  V) yes

  W) no (except graphite)

  X) no

  
• Enzymes are protein-based catalysts that speed up the cells that already occurred in the chemical reactions. They work by carrying out one function of the human body. For example, it helps with respiration, digestion and muscle function of human bodies.
• Catalase is an enzyme found in the cells of most organisms that catalyses the decomposition of the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, into oxygen and water.