Unsure

• • The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled


  Insertion
• The end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone


  Origin
• the principle muscle involved in muscle movement


  Prime Mover
• muscles that act to help the prime mover, this can be by producing the same movement as the mover or by stabilizing a joint


  Synergists
• when a synergistic muscle contracts to immobilize/stabilise a joint

  Fixator
• A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover (agonist)


  Antagonist
• is the thick, fleshy mid portion of the muscle


  Belly
• a muscle in an antagonistic pair which causes flexion bending at joint, decrease angle between bones at joint


  Flexor
• a muscle in an antagonistic pair which causes extension (straightening at joint increases angle between bones at joint.)


  Extensor
• pulls a structure away from the middle of the body e.g. moving the leg to the side


  Abduction
• pulls a structure towards the midline of the body e.g. returning the leg to the body


  Adduction
• The resistance of a muscle to active or passive stretch or the overall stiffness of the muscle


  Muscle tone
• posture and protection of organs

  Axial skeleton
• bones that anchor to axial skeleton for movement of limbs


  Appendicular skeleton
• Types of Bones

  Flat

  Sesamoid

  Long

  Short

  Irregular
• • Hollow centre cavity
  • Contains yellow bone marrow
  • Fat storage site


  Diaphysis
• • Outer covering of the diaphysis
  • Composed of fibrous connective tissue
  • Protects bone tissue from damage and infection.

  Periosteum
• • Ends of the bone
  • Small amount of compact bone on the outside
  • Covered by a thin layer of articular cartilage which cushions and protects the bone during movement.
  • Inside is spongy bone
  • Spaces filled with red bone marrow (blood cell production)

  Epiphysis
• responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet


  Medullary cavity
• formed after the epiphyseal plate has stopped producing bone


  Epiphyseal line
• contains cartilage for producing bone


  Epiphyseal plate
• A cell that forms new bone tissue by secreting a matrix made of collagen (the protein found in bone) and calcium binding protein


  Osteoblasts
• • As the bone mineralises the osteoblasts become entombed between lamellae in lacunae where they mature into osteocytes


  Osteocytes
• • Dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells
  • They make space for osteoblasts to create new bone tissue in areas that are growing or need repair
  • They are large and multinucleated calls.
  • They reabsorb bone by releasing H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes

  Osteoclasts
• • Are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity, they are the only bone cells that divide
  • Immature osteogenic cells are found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.
  • When they differentiate they develop into osteoblasts
  • They are a STEM cell

  Osteogenic cells
• Cartilage types

  Hyaline

  Elastic

  Fibrocartilage
• Types of Joints


  Synvovial

  Cartilagenous

  Fibrous
• fixed/immoveable

  Do not allow movement

  Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue (very strong)


  Fibrous Joints
• slightly moveable

  Allow limited movement

  Held in place by cartilage

  Cartilaginous joints
• freely moveable

  Allow for large range of movements movement is limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.


  Synvovial Joints
• Synvovial Joint Types


  Hinge

  Ball and Socket

  Gliding

  Pivot

  Saddle

  Condyloid