Powers and Borders 1.2

• What are the key backstory events as to why sovereignty and territorial integrity has been challenged in Ukraine (4) - Bolsheviks revolt in 1917 - German invasion of the USSR in 1941 - Expansion of the European Power - Euromaiden Protests
• How did the German invasion of the USSR challenge Ukrainian soveriegnty (2) - Many ukrainians saw the Nazis as liberators from the Soviets, so helped the Nazi forces in the war effort - However eventually the soviets manage to recapture all of the Ukraine
• How did the expansion of European Power challenge sovereignty in Ukraine (2) - 1991 Dissolution of the USSR separated Ukraine from Russia - Expansion of NATO eastwards worried russia - Ukraine made a bid to join in 2008
• Describe 2014 Euromaiden Protests in the backstory to the challenge of sovereignty in Ukraine (3) - Anger towards the president and government for corruption an rejection of deal to join EU - led to street violence and breaking out of battles to try and topple the president from power - President resigned and snap elections were held, the EU deal was then signed
• What were the three elements of the impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine - Impact on People - Impact on Place - Repurcussions on russia
• Describe the impact on people of ukraine in terms of the impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2) - Economically the GDP decreased by 55% - Socially the war caused 19,000 casualties, with 5.4 million internally displaced
• Describe the impact on place of Ukraine in terms of the impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (3) - Socially 30-50% of power grid has been damaged leading to lack of heating, sickness and even death due to cold - Environmentally, there has been worldwide impacts on corn and sunflower oil agricultural industry - Economically the war caused 50 billion USD damage in the first year alone
• Describe the repurcussions on russia in terms of the impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (4) - EU froze assets of Russia's central bank - US and UK banned all russian oil and gas imports - 11,000 companies stopped operating in Russia - Russias Oil and gas earnings per month went from 18 to 6 billion USD a month
• What are the three examples of conflicts proving Ukraines Sovereignty and Territorial integrety has been challenged - Russian Invasion of Ukraine - Annexation of Crimea - Separatist conflict in the Donbass
• Describe the Annexation of Crimea as an example of a conflcit proving the soviereignty of ukraine has been challenged (3) - Following Euromaiden protests and signing of EU deal, russia was worried their port lease in crimea was at threat - due to their lack of warm water ports - A day later the little green men arrived and erected barricades and seized government buildings - Russia later claimed they held a referendum in which 83% voted, 95% of which wanting to side with russia - legitimacy is questionnable
• Describe the impacts on people in terms of the impacts of the Annexation of Crimea (3) - Socially, nationalist pride is slipping in crimea, putting putins position in danger - Economically the cost of housing is falling dramtically due to water shortages, hence economy is declining - Environmentally crimea is returning to a half desert state due to the water shortage in crimea - reducing agricultural abilities of the area
• Describe the impact on place of ukraine in terms of the impacts of the Annexation of Crimea (3) - Economically 10 billion GBP investment from Russia into crimea to subsidise infrastructure - Socially, the regional capital is facing severe water shortages with water only used domestically during daytime - Environmentally, crimea has been made into military grounds by russia with the irrigated land available for cultivation falling by 100,000 hectares between 2013 and 2017
• Describe the separatist conflic in the donbass as an example of a conflict proving the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine has been challenged (3) - After annexation of crimea the people of Donetsk demanded referendum of succession from Ukraine, denied by the state - 55% of people in these regions were in favour of rejoining Russian territory - Resulted in Ukrainian interim government launching anti-terrorist mission because of infighting between pro-russian insurgence groups in Donbass
• Describe the September 2014 minsk agreement in relation to the separatist conflict in the Donbass (2) - An agreed ceasefire which later broke down in the same year - Initially the artilley agreed to back down, labelling the war in the donbass as frozen in 2015
• Describe the impact on people of ukraine in terms of the impacts of the separatist conflcit in the Donbass - Socially, 10,000 people have died, with 82 medical facilities destroyed due to the conflict
• Describe the impact on place of Ukraine in terms of the impacts of the separatist conflcit in the Donbass - Economically the war has wrecked the donbass infrastructure and economy with over 500,000 people fleeing
• What are the factors that may influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (4) - Current Political Boundaries - Transnational corporations - Supranational institutions - Political dominance of ethnic groups
• Describe current political boundaries in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (4) - Current system of nation states and political boundaries is defined by Westphalian model, which is reinforced by UN charter, however legacy of colonialism, like the division of africa causing ethnic partitioning - Contested territory like russia's annexation of crimea and UK and argentinain claims over falklands - Separatism like claims for succession by basque national group in spain - Transnational movement of terrorsit activity, like across the tur...
• Describe transnational corperations in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (3) - Large coporare enterprices emanating from ACs which LIDC's become reliant on, they challenge sovereignty by expanding operations regardless of state boundaries - TNCs have economic power that has meant they control in some ways political desicion making, territory and workforce, which influences a governments desicion making when their growth is dependent on a company - Business desicions to invest or deinvest affects the lives of many, and disrespect fo...
• Describe Supranational institutions in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity - They represent a tier of governance above a state, like the UN and its agencies, NATO, and trading blocs like EU, ASEAN, ECOWAS, MERCOSUR
• Describe the european union with regards to supranational institutions in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (3) - Trading bloc thats both economic and political with 28 member states, who ebenfit from integration in issues such as trade advantages, air pollution and crime - Member states are however required to implement EU laws and desicions even if they do not vote for them, 19 members have additional resources like inability to set their own interst rates - Enforce policies that may limit a states individual soveriegn power like...
• Describe the United Nations with regards to supranational institutions in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (2) - Has 193 sovereign state members, the UN and secutrity council have the right to sanction intervention through articles 41 and 42 - Primary responsibility of the institution is for the state to protect citizens but may intervene in instances of genocide, war crimes and ethnic cleansing
• Describe the political dominance of ethnic groups like the in terms of the factors that influence the erosion of soveriegnty and loss of territorial integrity (2) - Basque people have a distinct culture, language and strong tradition of independence, posing a challenge to the sovereignty of spain and france - Violent acts from the Spanish and the french have been carried out to end the separatist movement who see them as a threat to soveriegn power, recent issues involve the dispersal of political prisoners in french and spanish prisons like members of the basque youth movement
• Paragraph plan for explaining the challenges to Ukranian sovereignty (2) - Political and ethnic divisions - External threats from russia
• Describe Political and Ethnic divisions in terms of the challenges to State soveriegnty (4) - 77% of Ukranians are ethnically ukranian, 18% are Russian - Separatist conflict in the donbass, 55% in favour of rejoining russian territory, 2014 minsk agreement attempted to encourage a ceeasefire - Euromaiden Protests as Yanukovych government failed to sign EU deal, led to mass protests and election of the pro-west Poroshenko government, which distanced ukraine further from Russia - German Invasion of USSR in 1941, many ukranians viewed the Nazis as liberators and helped fight for germany
• Describe External threats from russia in terms of the challenges to Ukraines sovereignty (2) - 2014 Annexation of crimea and the referendum, which had a 83% turnout, 95% of which siding with Russia - Russian invasion of Ukraine, following the expansion of european power