Case study - The Lake District

• What has the geology affected?

  The evolution and shape of the landscape
• What are the oldest rocks in the Lake District?

  Skiddaw group
• How were the Skiddaw rocks formed?

  black muds and sands settling on the sea bed
• How long ago were the Skiddaw rocks formed?

  500 million years ago
• What has happened since the Skiddaw rocks were formed?

  They have been raised and folded by tectonic forces
• Where is the Skiddaw group of rock usually found?

  Northern Lake District
• What are the characteristics of the landscape in the Skiddaw?


  the mountains are smooth and streams occupy deep gorges
• Where are Borrowdale volcanic rocks found?

  Central Lake District
• What are Borrowdale volcanic rocks composed of?

  Consist of hard lava and ash from eruptions
• How long ago were Borrowdale volcanic rocks formed?

  450 million years ago
• Which 2 highest mountains in the Lake District does Borrowdale volcanic rocks make up?

  Helvellyn and Great Gable
• What makes up the Windermere group of rocks?

  Sedimentary mudstones, sandstones, siltstones and limestone
• How long ago were the Windermere rocks formed?

  420 million years ago
• What has happened to Windermere group since they were formed?

  They have been faulted and folded, pushed up and eroded down
• Where are most of the Windermere group?

  Southern Lake District
• What has happened in the Lake District over the last 400,000 years?

  There have been many glaciations where valley glacier and ice sheets submerged the landscape
• Which geological era/epoch caused the landscape in the Lake District that we see now?

  Pleistocene period
• How many glaciations occurred during the Pleistocene period?

  20 glaciations
• Which glaciation took place between 12,800 and 11,500 years ago?

  Loch Lomond Stadial
• What erosional landform is situated in the Norfolk Valley?

  Roche Moutonnee
• What is the examples of the Arete?

  Striding Edge in the Helvellyn Range
• Which erosional landforms are situated on the west side of the Helvellyn Range?

  Truncated spurs and hanging valleys
• Which glacial erosional landform can be found at 950m above sea level on Helvellyn Range?

  A pyramidal peak
• What did Meltwater from Red Tarn glacier?

  Formed a U shaped valley
• What is the examples of the Corrie (Tarn name also)

  Red Tarn Corrie
• What is the examples of the Hanging valley?

  Base Brown
• What is the example of the U shaped valley

  Blencathra
• What is the examples of the Ribbon lakes?

  Ullswater
• What is the examples of the drumlin swarms?

  Kendall
• What is the examples of the Erratic?

  Found in the Central Ld
• In which direction do the Kendal drumlins show ice movement?

  North to South
• When was the last glacial retreat? What was left?

  11,000 years ago; Moraines in the valleys
• What is a named example of a moraine deposited in the Lake District?

  Lateral Moraine on the right bank of Langstrath valley
• What kind of moraines are there at the end of Blea Water Tarn in Mardale?

  Recessional moraines
• Where is a small terminal moraine situated?

  Southeast of Keswick, Naddle Valley
• Which geologic group are most erratics in the Lake District from?

  Borrowdale Volcanic Group