Migration 1.2

• What are the three countries in which interdepedance has been created with Brazil through migrant flows - Brazil and Portugal - Brazil and USA - Brazil and Haiti
• Social interdepedances between Brazil and Portugal as a result of migration (2) - Brazilian Migrants have special status in portugal and vice versa granting equal priveleges like voting rights etc - Both share a language and cultural traditions so migration is easier
• Economic interdepedances between Brazil and Portugal as a result of migration (2) - Brazilians attracted to portugal for higher wages and access to the EU - Both countries benefit from remittances
• Socio-economic interdepedances between Brazil and USA as a result of migration (3) - Thousands of low skilled economic migrants work in the USA remitting monies - Returning migrants bring skills that contribute to Brazils development - Migrants boost US economy through multiplier effect and create a demand for different consumer industries
• Enviro-Political interdepedances between Brazil and USA as a result of migration (2) - Strengthened the countries links together with agreements made regarding agriculture, trade and defense - USAID gives brazil assistance in sustainable management of rainforests and protects brazilian people
• Socio-Political interdepedances between Brazil and Haiti as a result of migration (2) - National immigration council allows Haitian migrants to obtain visas to Brazil easily which reduces their vulnerability to human trafficking following extreme weather events - Haitian migrants benefit from easy visas due to political instability, unemployment and gender based violence in their own country
• How many people did the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 displace 1.5 million people
• Economic interdepedances between Brazil and Haiti as a result of migration (2) - Brazil has benefitted from a consistant labour supply of predominantly agricultural workers - Haiti benefits from remittances and contributes to improving political conditions within the country
• How has Globalisation made migration more complex (2) - Led to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations, growing number of countries with their economies becoming interdependant - Led to change in migration patterns
• Describe how inter-regional migration patterns have changed in terms of how economic globalisation has made migration more complex (2) - New flow of migrants emerging from south asia to oil producing gulf states - Increased demand for labour, relatively high wages and ease of remittances have driven an increase in inter-regional migration
• How have intra regional migration patterns changed in terms of how economic globalisation has made migration more complex (3) - Rapid increase of migratns to ASEAN member states like Singapore, and Thailand as they have some of the fastest growing economies in the world - Most migrants are low skilled, undocumented and seeking employment, moving to countries with better socio-economic standards than their origin country - In the EU return migration is becoming a larger flow, with 63% of Polands total migration being composed of return migration
• Describe how internal migration patterns have changed in terms of how economic globalisation has made migration more complex (2) - Rural-urban migration in EDC's has become a major port of the new global migration system - High numbers of migrants moving from rural to urban areas where there are high levels of foreign investment and economic activity
• Why has migration become more complex (5) - Economic globalisation - Increase in concentration of young and female migrant workers - South to south migration corridors are noe equal to those in South to North Corridors - Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees - Changes in national immigration and emigration policies
• How has an increase in concentration of young migrants resulted in migration becoming more complex (2) - In 2019 11% of global migrant stock was made of young migrants between 15-24 - There are more economic opportunities for the young - including greater employment opportunities, higher wages and possibilities of remittance
• How has the increasing concentration of female migrants resulted in migration becoming more complex (3) - 46% of migrants in developing countries were female, 52% in developed countries - Greater independance and status, and the shift towards the view that women are important income earners have accounted for female migrant growth over last 20 years - Between 2000 and 2010 the number of female tertiary educated migrants increased by 80%, coming as a result of less discrimination in the labour market
• Which continents have a higher percentage of female migrants than male migrants in terms of how a higher concnetration of female migrants resulted in migration becoming more complex - Europe, Latin America and North America
• Describe the reasons for south to south migration corridors now equalling south to north corridors in terms of how migration has become more complex (4) - Restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from south to north - Number of fast-growing economies in the south offer employment opportunities - Increased awareness of opportunities in the south as a result of improved communications and developing social networks - Cost of moving to a 'north' country costs a lot more
• 2 Examples of south to south migration corridors now equalling those in south to north corridors in terms of how migration has become more complex (2) - Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast - Myanmar to Thailand
• Describe the Burkina Faso to Ivory coast migrant corridor as an example of south to south migration corridors now equalling those in south to north corridors in terms of how migration has become more complex (3) - In 2013 560,000 Ivorians escaped conflict in their country to Burkina faso, both countries have a shared language - Also Burkina faso now have 1.46 million born residents living in Ivory coast as employment opportunities and higher wages available in Ivory coast - Income disparity between the countries is small but remains large enough to encourage migration to Ivory coast - land is...
• Describe Myanmar to Thailand migration corridor as an example of south to south migration corridors now equalling those in south to north corridors in terms of how migration has become more complex (3) - Largets ASEAN migrant corridor involving 1.9million migrants - Thailand has labour shortages in agriculture and construction - Thailand has a minimum wage of 9USD a day, and geographically the two countries are in close proximity of one another - myanmarians are escaping forced labour government development projects
• Describe how conflict and persecution has resulted in migration becoming more complex and provide and example (2) - Largest source of migrants in 2015 was syria, the civil war resulted in 4.7 million refugees with the largest recipents being Turkey and Lebanon - Lebanon has been overwhelmed by the number of refugees and attempted to introduce an enetry visa to restrict entry
• Two examples of changes in National immigration and emigration policies with regards to how migration has become more complex - Changes in Pakistan Emigration Policy - Changes in Canada Immigration Policy
• Describe changes in Pakistans emigration policy as an example of how changes in national emigration strategies have resulted in migration becoming more complex (2) - Aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants - requires the enhancement in impact of economic remittances and skills of returning migrants - 7 million work abroad with 96% working in gulf countries - 2013 migrant remittances to 11.5 billion USD - 5th largest in the world
• Describe changes in canada's national immigration policy as an example of how changes in national immigration policies have resulted in migration becoming more complex (2) - 2015 changes made to immigration policy, marking potential migrants on a 1200 point system, based on language, experience, age and education - 21.5% of Canada;s total population is made up of migrants - 60% of the migrant population is categorised as economic migrants
• Describe Brazils country profile in terms of the Brazil Case Study (3) - 7th Largest economy in the wolrd with GDP per capita growing 20% between 2007 and 2014 - Declining birth rate and has an aging population - hence migration has contributed to economic growth and development of brazil over a long time - Part of Mercosur
• Describe Brazils current migration trends in terms of the Brazil Case Study (2) - 2005-2009 brazil suffered 500,000 net loss of migration, going down to 190,000 between 2010-2014 - Decline in emigration of lower skilled workers and increase in immigration of lower skilled workers due to the 2010 Olympics and 2014 world cup attracting construction workers
• Describe changes to Brazils migration trends in terms of the Brazil Case Study (2) - Overal emigration away from Brazil has increased overtime, in 2013 there was 1.77 million Brazilians leaving abroad, with USA and Japan being top host countries - A bilateral link between Japan and Brazil has been created, resulting in employment opportunities
• What three elements does migration impact in terms of the brazil case study - Impact on economic development - Impact on political stability - Impact on Social equality
• Describe the impact of migration on economic development in terms of the brazil case study (3) - Waves of immigration from Europe or Japan contribute to growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors - Labour market benefits from skilled migrants filling gaps in labour market - Emigration USA, Japan and Portugal sends back remittance, improving housing conditions, education and employment opportunities in Brazil
• Describe the impact of migration on political stability in terms of the brazil case study (3) - Political relationships result in bilateral migrant flows, especially between portugal and japan - Mercosur trading bloc has allowed for the free flow of trade, capital and labour, promoting political stability between the countries - Brazilian Government accepts responsibility for refugees which helps protect environmental and political refugees' welfare and provides employment prospects, visas and work permits
• Describe the impact of migration on social equality in terms of the brazil case study (3) - Inequalities develop in housing, services and education with african-american brazilians most affected - 44% of black population of brazil live in houses with no access to basic sanitation, results in spatially concentrated poverty, like favellas - Prejudice and descrimination in the labour market impedes the growth of particularily black migrants to reach their full economic potential