Social Science

• Sergio Osmeña
• Regulated the maximum prices.
• Reorganized the government.
• Addressed short-term and long-term needs.
• Manuel A. Roxas
• $120,000,000- rehabilitation and reconstruction
• $75,000,000- rehabilitation of infrastructure
• $25,000,000-budgetary purposes
• Php 100,000.00 - to compensate the guerillas currencies worth of the American Army surplus, and a loanable amount of $60,000,000
• New Tab
• C =
• Rehabilitation Act as a complement to the Bell Trade Relations Act
• Provided for free trade relations between the two countries.
• 'PARITY RIGHTS'
• Americans were given the right to dispose, exploit, develop, and utilize the natural and mineral resources of the Philippines.
• NEOCOLONIALISM: POSTWAR ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AGREEMENTS WITH THE UNITED STATES
• Neocolonialism is another form of control of a powerful state on a weaker state.
• ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS
• Article XII of 1935 Philippine Constitution- limited access of foreigners to exploit the natural resources of the Philippines.
• BELL TRADE ACT OF 1946 (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT OF 1946)
• Intended to facilitate the rebuilding of the Philippine economy.
• Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934
• US Congress approved the Bell Trade Act on April 30, 1946: approved by the Philippine Congress on July 2, 1946
• Means to achieve the following:

  • Free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines until 1954.
  • A P2:S1 fixed exchange rate between the Philippines and the United States, which could not be changed without the US President's approval.
  • Removal of currency transfer restrictions from the Philippines to the United States.
  • "Parity rights," which granted U.S. citizens and corporations rights to Philippine natural resources and public utilities like those of Philippine citizens.
• Acceptance of the Bell Trade Act had been a condition of, and attached to, the implementation of the Tydings Rehabilitation Act-$620 million compensation for war damages.
• Consequences of the Bell Trade Act


  • Free trade provisions.
  • Dependency on US import demand.
  • Parity Rights
  • Peso exchange.
• 1954-renegotiation on the terms of the Bell Trade Act by Magsaysay.
• MILITARY AGREEMENTS
• 1947 Military Bases Agreement
• 1947 Military Assistance Pact
• 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty
• Signed by President Manuel Roxas on March 14, 1947
• Gave the US military an unhampered right to operate bases in Philippine territory for free for 99 years (amended in 1966 to 25 years, hence until 1991).
• Clark Air Base alone to cover close to 540 sq. km. of land; that Olongapo would be under Subic Naval Base; and that US authority would also cover the "vicinity" of the bases.
• For the purpose of counterinsurgencies especially in provinces where there were large sugar plantations.
• Military Assistance Pact also created a Joint United States Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) that would advise and train Philippine military personnel.
• Called for a mutual commitment between the Philippines and the United States to peacefully resolve international disputes.
• Military Bases Agreement finally ended in 1991.
• Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)- signed in 1998 is to provide ease of access to the Philippines for US service personnel.
• In 2014, Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) was concluded to strengthen the military alliance of the U.S. and PH.