Nigeria

• Nigeria is located on the west coast of Africa. It has an area of 923,768 km² and is Africa's most populated country (217 million).
• Nigeria is a highly diverse country supporting over 250 ethnic groups, the largest groups being Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo.
• With a GDP of $440 billion, Nigeria has the largest economy in Africa. The oil industry alone makes up 9% of Nigeria's GDP. Nigeria's oil supply gives it greater political and global influence.
• Despite its rich economy, there is high wealth inequality with more than 112 million people living in poverty.
• Secondary sector


  Production of cement, textiles and food and beverage goods
• Tertiary sector


  Services including telecommunications, banking, trade, tourism and real estate
• Over 70% of Nigerians are farmers and yet, the agriculture industry only makes up approximately 22% of Nigeria's GDP
• The secondary sector creates approximately 28% of Nigeria's GDP
• The tertiary sector generates about 50% of Nigeria's GDP
• Transnational Corporation (TNC)

  A company that has operations (e.g., factories, offices, etc.) in multiple countries
• Advantages of TNCs in Nigeria

  • Increase employment and tax revenues
  • Invest in infrastructure to boost the economy
  • Contribute to the development of local communities
• Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

  • Cause serious environmental damage due to oil spills
  • Pay lower wages compared to HICs, with profits not seen in Nigeria
  • May move elsewhere to reduce costs, creating job insecurity
• Nigeria's global political position

  Changed as it developed from an LIC to an NEE
• Nigeria joined the Commonwealth

  In 1960 after gaining independence from the British Empire
• Nigeria's Main Imports


  • Cars
  • Wheat
  • Refined petroleum
  • Medicaments
  • Telephones
• Nigeria's Main Exports


  • Crude petroleum
  • Petroleum gas
  • Floating structures
  • Cocoa beans
• International Aid


  Provided by international organisations and other countries to help with wealth inequality and disasters
• Short-Term Aid


  • Helps fund rescue operations and emergency supplies, but does not provide a long-term solution
• Long-Term Aid


  • Aims to improve quality of life in NEEs and LICs by supporting economic and social developments over time
• Top-Down Aid


  • Governments and large organisations provide aid money, recipient government decides how to spend it on large-scale projects
• Bottom-Up Aid

  • Aid money or goods are donated directly to local people to help fund small-scale community projects
• Short-Term Aid Example

  • The European Union provided £80,000 in emergency humanitarian funding to support the Nigerian Red Cross after heavy flooding in Autumn 2020
• Top-Down Aid Example

  • The World Bank has invested $12.2 billion in Nigeria which funds projects that provide vaccines, expand the digital economy and develop students' skills
• Bottom-Up Aid Example

  • The 'Nets for Life' project provided anti-mosquito nets to local communities to reduce the impact and spread of malaria
• Increased oil extraction in Nigeria

  Led to greater pollution due to oil spills and burning natural gas (gas flaring)
• Economic development in Nigeria

  Led to the destruction of natural habitats, with Nigeria having the highest rate of deforestation in the world between 2000-2005
• Economic growth in Nigeria

  Created more long-term jobs with higher wages, and increased education provisions leading to higher adult literacy rates
• Improvements in sanitation, infrastructure, education and healthcare in Nigeria

  Can be attributed to the country's economic growth, leading to increased life expectancy
• Unilever

  An Anglo-Dutch Transnational Corporation (TNC) manufacturing items such as soap, foods and personal care items
• Unilever in Nigeria

  • Employs about 1500 people in Nigeria
  • Has promoted improvements in health care, education and water supply
• Shell Oil in the Niger Delta

  • One of the world's largest oil companies
  • Has extracted oil from the Niger Delta since 1958, with some controversy
• Advantages of Shell's operations in Nigeria

  • Has made major contributions in taxes
  • Has provided direct employment for 65000 Nigerian workers
  • Has provided 250000 jobs in related industries
  • 91% of all Shell contracts have been placed with Nigerian companies
• Disadvantages of Shell's operations in Nigeria

  • Oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation, damaging agriculture and fishing industries
  • Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air
  • Oil theft and sabotage cost TNCs and the government billions of dollars every year