Blood and Lymphatics

• Blood provides the major transport system of the body for essentials
• Blood serves as the critical part of the body's defenses
• Blood is a vehicle that promotes homeostasis
• Blood provides a mechanism for controlling body temperature
• Blood is a medium where body fluid pressure are measured
• Blood clot


  Promotes Homeostasis
• Buffer System


  Maintain a stable pH of 7.35 to 7.45
• Adult blood volume is 5 Liters
• Blood consists of water and dissolved solutes which make up about 55% of the blood volume while the remaining 45% is composed of cells, formed elements, erythrocytes, along with leukocytes, thrombocytes or platelets
• Hematocrit


  Refers to the portion of cells in blood and indicate the viscosity of the blood
• Male have higher hematocrit at 48%
• Female have hematocrit of 42%
• Elevated hematocrit


  Could indicate dehydration or excess red blood cells
• Low hematocrit


  Might result from blood loss or anemia
• Plasma


  It is a clearly yellowish fluid remaining after the cells have been removed
• Serum


  It refers to the fluid and solutes remaining after the cells and fibrinogen have been removed
• Plasma Proteins


  • Albumin which maintains osmotic pressure in the blood
  • Globulins, Antibodies, and Fibrinogen are essential for the formation of blood clots
• All blood cells originate from the red bone marrow
• In adults, red bone marrow is found in flat and irregular bones
• Iliac Crest is the common site of a bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis


  In this process various blood cell are developed
• Erythrocyte/ Red Blood Cells

  • Biconcave, Flexible Discs, Non- Nucleated when mature and contain hemoglobin
• Erythropoietin


  It originates from the kidney. A hormone that stimulated erythrocytes production in red bone marrow
• Total erythrocyte count is 4.2- 6.2 Million/ mm^3
• Erythrocyte survival is 120 days: SPLEEN, LIVER, GLOBIN AND HEME
• Hemoglobin


  It consist of globin portion, two pairs of amino and chains, four heme groups and contains a ferrous iron atom
• Heme


  It gives the color of red
• Oxyhemoglobin


  It gives a color of a bright red which distinguishes arterial blood from venous blood
• Deoxyhemoglobin


  It means a reduced hemoglobin. Dark red/ bluish red in color and is found in the venous blood
• Carbominohemoglobin


  Hemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide
• Globin


  Can be broken down into amino acid which can be recycled in the amino acid pool
• Iron can be returned to the bone marrow and the liver to be reused in the synthesis of hemoglobin
• Ferritin


  Excess iron blood, liver, and other body tissues
• Bilirubin


  Combine with glucoronide to make it more soluble then excreted in the bile
• Hemolysis


  Destruction of RBCs that may cause devated serum bilirubin levels which may result to jaundice
• Leukocytes make up 5-10,000 mm^3, 1% of blood volume
• Types of Leukocytes


  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
• Leukopoiesis


  It is the production of white blood cells
• Diapedesis


  When WBCs may leave the capillaries and enter the tissues when they are needed for defensive purposes
• Neutrophils


  • It is the most common leukocytes. Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short term acute infections
  • 50 to 60% of WBCs
  • First one to respond to any tissue damage and commence phagocytosis