MIGRATION

• Vikings


  Early Vikings migrated to England because of a lack of land and infertile soil in Scandinavia
• Danelaw


  The eastern part of England where Vikings were allowed to settle
• Alfred the Great


  The first Anglo-Saxon King to defeat the Vikings (led by Guthrum) in 878 at the Battle of Edington
• After the Battle of Edington, between Alfred the Great and Guthrum (Viking)


  Guthrum was forced to convert to Christianity
• Other Anglo-Saxon leaders

  Recognised Alfred as their "overlord"- meaning Alfred could be seen as the first real King of England, uniting the Anglo-Saxons
• The Vikings migrated to England because of poor land/soil quality in Scandinavia and there was a lack of land for younger sons. England had good quality land/soil.
• Danegeld


  The tax raised by the Anglo-Saxons to pay off the Vikings to stop them attacking England
• King Aethelred


  Known as "Aethelred the Unready"
• Aethelred marries the Duke (leader) of Normandy's sister Emma to stop Normandy being used as a based to attack England
• St Brice's Day Massacre


  The name for the mass killing of Vikings in England by Aethelred in 1002
• Forkbeard conquers England in 1013, overthrows Aethelred and becomes King. His son Cnut takes over from him when he dies.
• In the short-term Cnut executed disloyal Anglo-Saxon landowners and replaced them with Danes


  To secure his control, but kept loyal Anglo-Saxons
• Cnut's marriage to Emma of Normandy


  Allowed Emma's son Edward the Confessor to come to power in 1042 and thereby created a connection to Normandy (where Edward had lived in exile)
• Edward the Confessor died without an heir
• William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson to become the first Norman king at the Battle of Hastings
• The Normans built 500 castles across England to secure Norman control
• Hundreds of French words like parliament and soldier became part of English
• Feudal system


  A new social hierarchy brought in to rule England: King, Barons/Lords, Knights, Peasants
• England became part of Normandy's empire and was connected to France. England would remain strongly connected to France for the next 400 years by the Normans then Angevins.
• Huguenots

  French Protestants
• England was Protestant after the Reformation changed England from a Catholic to a Protestant country
• 10,000 Huguenots are killed by French Catholics in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
• 200,000 Huguenots flee from France after the French king tears up the Edict of Nantes which was a government order that protected Huguenots
• Huguenot craftsmen


  • Improved industries like watch-making and gun making and introduced new ones that hadn't existed in England before like silk weaving and paper-making
• Some anti-Huguenot feeling as some felt they were taking away English jobs


  Over time they integrated translating their names to English ones and marrying locals
• Navvies


  Unskilled Irish workers who built canals, roads and railways in Britain
• The 'potato blight' of 1846 ruined the Irish potato harvest causing an increase in migration to Britain
• Typhus


  Nicknamed 'Irish fever'
• Jews fled Russia from 1881-1914 because they faced extreme persecution, such as pogroms (an organised attack/massacre of a religious group)
• Between 1881 and 1914 120,000 Jews arrived in Britain
• Jewish immigrants


  Mainly worked in sweatshops, with warm conditions and long hours
• Immigrants left their homes because of unemployment, poverty or persecution and went to Britain for economic opportunities
• 70,000 Kenyan and Ugandan Asians moved to Britain from Africa in the 1960s and 1970s
• Immigrants left the Caribbean because the 1944 hurricane caused poverty
• British Nationality Act 1948


  This meant all people who lived in the Commonwealth (former British Empire) were British passport holders and could therefore live in Britain
• Empire Windrush arrived in Britain in 1948
• A 'colour bar' (racist attitudes) prevented Caribbean immigrants renting houses and getting jobs
• By 1960 there were around 40,000 Caribbean immigrants arriving each year
• Race riots in 1958 in Notting Hill and Nottingham led to the creation of Notting Hill Carnival in 1958
• 1962 Immigration Act put a limit on black and Asian immigration and only allowed those with a skilled job lined up to migrate, slowing down immigration