Dynamic Development

• Where is Zambia located ?

  Zambia is located in central southern Africa and was once a British Colony. It is an low income developing country as the life expectancy is low and almost half the country's population lives in poverty. Most people live in poverty but there are also cities like Lusaka which is the capital city. Zambia is land - locked and surrounded by other countries
• Rostow's Model ?


  Rostow believed that countries developed in a straight line. This doesn't occur to Zambia's stages of economic growth as Zambia developed in a zig zag shape. For instances in 1975 Zambia were at the point of economic take off as the Kariba Dam started to generate hydro-electric power which was important for the copper industry. However in the year 2000 Zambia dropped to a pre-conditions for economic take-off. The global price of copper started to rise again increasing the amount of money Zambia can earn as they are reliant on the single commodity.
• Zambia's reliance on Copper

  Its economy has been based on the copper mining industry. Copper is a good conductor of electricity and is vital in the production of wires and cables. Zambia has come to rely on its international trade of copper for 70 percent of its exports.
• China's Investment in Zambia

  China has become the worlds largest consumer of copper. China makes Zambia an attractive place for investment. Over 500 Chinese companies now invest in Zambia for business. Chinese investment is not new in Zambia as in the 1970's the TAZARA railway was funded by the Chinese government and it connects. The railway is 1850km long and connects Zambia to Zimbabwe which makes it easier for the land locked country to export its resources.
• What does TAZARA stand for ?

  Tanzanian Zambian Railway Authority
• Examples of Chinese Investment in Zambia

  • The Kariba Dam hydroelectric power plant which has been expanded to generate more electricity for Zambia
  • TAZARA RAILWAY
  • 100,000 Chinese people live oin Zambia to work on investment projects
• What does TNC stand for ?

  Transnational Corporation
• What is an example of a TNC ?

  ABF - Associate British Foods
• ABF IN ZAMBIA

  largest food and drink manufacturers in the UK. It own many brands like Kingsmill, Ovaltine and Silver spoon. ABF operates in many countries including Zambia and in 2001 bought Zambia Sugar. This is the company that produces most of the sugar mad in Zambia
• Zambian Sugar had not payed tax from 2008 to 2013 which was partly based on the governments new incentives to reduce tax on a company's new investment. They also avoided paying tax by transferring profit made other ABF companies in other countries with lower tax rates
• The tax rates are a problem for Zambia as they need the taxes to provide services like education and healthcare but also encourage TNC's to invest by introducing tax incentives which means less income is raised through tax
• What are the befits of TNC's ?

  TNC's provide jobs and income for individual workers, the company and workers pay tax which provide income for the government, TNC's provide goods more efficiently and cheaply reducing the cost to consumers
• What are the negatives of a TNC ?

  TNC's put their profits before interest of workers, large companies avoid paying tax, they dominate which makes it hard for small local companies to compete, some pollute and damage the environment
• What is the top-down development strategy in Zambia ?

  The Kariba Dam is a top-down development strategy as it was built as a joint project with the Zambian and Zimbabwe government. The Kariba Dam was built in the Zambezi River to produce hydroelectric power.
• What are the advantages of the Kariba Dam ?

  The dam generates large amounts of hydroelectric power which is vital for the Zambian copper industry. The hydroelectric power is a renewable form of energy that does not produce carbon emissions. New industries have developed around lake Kariba like tourism and fishing.
• What are the disadvantages of the Kariba Dam ?

  57,000 Tonga people most farming families were moved from Zambezi valley and resettled a long way away from their land. The land they moved to was less fertile which led to famine and hunger. Communities north and south of Lake Kariba were cut off from each other, and some communities don't have electricity
• Concerns on the Kariba Dam

  A plunge pool is being created undermining the foundations of the dam. It is possible that the dam could collapse which means that 3.5 million people are at risk of flooding. Ecosystems and wildlife along the Zambezi river as far as the Indian ocean would be lost .
• What are the factor influencing uneven development

  Debt- still unpaid with high levels of interest

  Political Unrest- many low income developing countries are unstable and have a corrupting government which makes businesses reluctant to get involved in these countries, corruption leads to lack of services like healthcare and education

  Trade- this favours richer countries that have formed trading groups together, TNC'S tend to be based in AC'S and exploit LIDC'S for their raw materials and labour
• Bottom-Up development in Zambia

  Water Aid
• Water Aid

  • Water aid was needed because 5.2 million people didn't have access to safe water which meant that 5000 children died every year due to developing water borne diseases like cholera and dying due to diarrhoea
  • Water aid helps and teaches locals how to install low cost water pumps and toilets
  • This allows the locals to develop a new skill and also it is useful when the pumps are faulty they aren't reliant on others to fix it
• Name types of aid ?

  international aid, multi lateral aid, bi lateral aid, voluntary aid