4th quarter - 4th week

• It refers to the way power is distributed and embedded in societies. It is also any entity participating in any political process.

  Political Organization
• Refers to the activities through which people make, preserve, and

  amend the general rules under which they live.

  Politics
• Refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome

  Power
• the legitimate power of a person or group over other people.the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

  Authority
• What are the three types of legitimate authority (Weber)?

  Traditional, Charismatic, Bureaucratic
• is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom. ( ex. Monarchies, Chiefdom etc.)

  Traditional Authority
• Authority is from the charisma of an individual. Some see this charisma as the right to rule. (Ex. Religious leaders, celebrities, etc.

  Charismatic Authority
• Authority gained from the rules of an institution or the laws of the state.

  Bureaucratic Authority
• What are the five types of Political Structure?

  Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State, Nation
• It is a small, kin-based group who form an egalitarian community and cooperate in activities such as subsistence, security, ritual, and care for children and elders.

  Band
• It is comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders) and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture.

  Tribe
• A regional society in which one or more local groups are organized under a single ruling individual - the chief - who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people. The office of chief is often hereditary

  Chiefdom
• It is a territory with Its own institutions and populations. It must also have the right and capacity to make treaties and other agreements with other states.

  State
• What are the four elements of state?

  People, Territory, Government, Sovereignty
• It is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by history, culture, or another commonality.

  Nation
• It refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors, or social relations.

  Social Change
• The term that deals with the evolution of cultural components. Modification of society through innovation, Modification of society through innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other inventions, discoveries, or contact with other societies.

  Cultural Change
• What are the six factors of change?

  Physical Environment, Population Changes, Isolation and Contact, Attitudes and Values, Process of Change, Perceived Needs
• What are the four steps of change?

  Innovation, Diffusion, Assimilation, Social Contradictions and Tensions
• Social creation and institutionalization of new ideas.

  Innovation
• The spread of innovation from one social group to another.

  Diffusion
• a process where some of the “majority community’s cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural manner gets mitigated or lost.

  Assimilation
• inter-ethnic conflicts, struggles, protests, social issues

  Social Contradictions and Tensions
• • Human misuse can bring very rapid changes, which in turn, changes the social and cultural life of people.
  • Environmental destruction has been at least a contributing factor in the fall of most great civilizations.

  Physical Environment
• A stable population may be able to resist most change, but a rapidly

  growing population must migrate, improve its productivity, or starve.

  Population Changes
• • Since most new traits come through diffusion, those societies in closest contact with other societies are likely to change most rapidly.
  • Areas of greatest international contact are the center of change.

  Conversely, isolated areas are centers of stability, conservatism, and

  resistance to change

  Isolation and Contact
• • Some societies are intensely and unconsciously ethnocentric, they assume that their customs and techniques are correct and everlasting.
  • Rapidly changing societies are aware of social change. Their attitude is both cause and effect of the changes already taking place.

  Attitudes and Values
• starts when an innovation spreads in society.

  Process of Change
• • A society’s rate and direction of change are greatly affected by the

  needs its members perceive.

  • Conflict theorists see that a majority of us “needs” are perceived

  because of skillful promotion by those who profit from creating and

  then meeting them.

  • Both functionalist and conflict theorists agree that some “needs” are

  created, and some are objective necessities.

  Perceived Needs