Biochem Review Part

• “within” the molecule. Chemical Bonding such as Ionic Bonding and Covalent Bonding

  intramolecular
• “between” or “among” molecules. Dipole-dipole, London dispersion, and Hydrogen bonding

  intermolecular
• intramolecular: Formed between a metal (cation) and a non-metal (anion)

  ionic bonding
• intramolecular: the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; strong bonds.

  covalent bonding
• Intermolecular: strongest, a special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen

  hydrogen bonding
• intermolecular: weakest, all molecules may possess this; aka Van der Waals forces

  London-Dispersion forces
• intermolecular: middle, happens in polar

  dipole-dipole
• Arrhenius: Acid – H+ ; Base – OH-
• AMPHOTERIC / AMPHIPROTIC; can act as BOTH acid and base


  water
• Solution of a weak acid/base and its salt resistant to sudden changes in pH

  Buffer Solutions
• Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds

  4
• occurs when two reactants add together to form a single product with no atoms “left over.

  Addition Reaction
• These occur when a single reactant splits into two products, often with formation of a small molecule such as water or HBr.

  Elimination Reaction
• occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products

  Substitution Reaction
• occurs when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric product

  Rearrangement Reaction
• Electron-rich center; Ability to react with a positive charge or partial positive charge; Donates a pair of electrons

  nucleophile
• Electron-deficient center; “electron-lover”; Ability to react with a negative charge or partial negative charge

  electrophile