KQ2 smuggling

• decrease - 1736 act of indemnity


  death for injuring preventative officers

  heavy fines for bribery

  pardon for smugglers who revealed names

  gov intervention

  transportation to the colonies
• decrease - 1718 hovering act


  gov intervention

  illegal for vessels smaller than 50 tonnes to wait within 6 miles of the coast
• decrease - duty on tea


  1784 in fell from 119% - 12.5%

  demand fell -> unprofitable
• decrease - better monitoring


  preventative officers patrol eng + wel coast

  each port staffed with 5 extra officers

  coast guard set. 1820s
• decrease - napoleonic war


  est. the navy

  'martello' watch towers along the coast
• what is smuggling


  secretly illegally importing/ exporting good to avoid paying custom duties
• increase - demand for smuggled goods


  duties had risen

  social crime - had investors, people wanted/needed it, employment, local communities kept quiet
• increase - security


  securing convicitions was difficult, magistrates too afraid
• increase - insufficient policing


  no coast guard - easy to get away with
• increase - custom duties


  on domestic consumption - chocolate, beer, cider, after 1688: salt + soap

  mid century tax on tea = 70% initial cost
• increase - employment


  hawkhurst + hadleigh gangs employed 50-100 each

  low paid labourer could earn 6x daily wage in 1 night
• welsh smugglers: William Owen


  active 1720s -30s

  brandy and salt

  base = Isle of Man, llyn peninsula + cardigan bay

  executed 1747
• welsh smugglers: sion cwilt


  mid 18th century

  ceredigion

  stored goods in sea caves
• welsh smugglers: the Lucas family


  >200 years up to 1703

  used underground passages

  stout hill, Gower - salt house
• batsmen


  thugs, carry bats, clubs, handguns~

  provide 'muscle' against officers
• tubmen


  carried the heavy tubs
• lander


  making contact with the ship

  arrange tub boats to pick up cargo

  arrange ponies/carts to move the goods on land
• Spotsman


  bring ship to right spot

  knowledge of cliffs, coast, caves
• venturer


  behind the scenes support

  financial investment

  the leader