enforcing law and order

• T: what was corporal punishment

  punishment on the body by inflicting pain

  lasts until 1948

  to deter

  widely accepted
• T: whipping/flogging


  market day in an open space

  for minor offences - drunk, begging, theft
• T: quater session courts

  held 4 times a year by a JP

  hand out harsh punishments
• T: stocks


  held by ankles

  pelted by crowd

  until 1872
• 1494 vagabonds and beggars act


  3 days + nights in the stocks

  only sustenance = bread + water

  then 'set out of town'
• T: pillory


  abolished 1837

  held by neck + wrists + pelted

  John waller pelted to death in 1732
• 1536 law


  stated whipping/flogging/hanging to be used for unlicensed beggars
• 1547 vagrancy act


  branded with a 'V' + slavery imposed for persistent vagrancy

  children of vagrants removed + apprenticed
• 1576 law


  vagrants rounded up and brought to court

  holes bored in ears
• 1597 recognition in law


  work not always there to be found

  vagrant redefined as "refusing to work for wages"
• deterrence


  to discourage from doing something - use fear
• rehabilitation


  help change

  rejoin society as a law abiding citizen
• protection


  ensure safety of society
• reform


  to change to a better person
• retribution


  to punish and repair harm - justice
• I: hanging

  90% of all hung were men under 21

  LND gallows = 'tyburn tree': 1,232 hung here 1703 - 1792, 92 = women

  welsh cites = Cardiff, Swansea, Caernarfon, beaumaris
• I: jack sheppard


  notorious thief and prison escapee

  200,000 attended his execution in 1724
• I: why was capital punishment introduced?

  deterrence + retribution

  fear of rising crime

  media exaggerated the rate of crime + encouraged gov action

  influence of landowners: 1723 black act - hunting deer + poaching = death
• I: crimes punishable by death


  being out at night with a blackened face

  stealing horses/sheep

  rioting over food prices

  1688-1815 number of crimes with death penalty 50-225 = the bloody code
• I: the Riot Act


  groups >12 deemed unlawful, must disperse or face action

  prevent riot planning
• I: the Combination Act


  passed in 1799 + 1800

  illegal for workers to unite for improved situations - banned unions

  address new industry crimes + agrarian protest
• M: police act


  1946

  merge small town forces with county forces
• M: national police college

  1947

  standardised basic training of at least 14 weeks
• M: neighbourhood watch


  1982

  protect themselves, reduce fear, better home vigilance

  1st launched Cheshire - now >10m members of scheme
• M: police and crime commissioners

  2012

  link public + police

  ensure efficiency

  elected every 4 years
• M: policing


  officers rose 46,000 - 125,000 from 1900 - 2017

  forces decrease 243 - 43 from 1900 - 1917

  improve efficiency, better training + tech, more specialised

  2006: proposal to merge Wales' 4 forces not implemented
• M: transport


  speeding - fines + penalty points, cameras in 90s

  ministry of transport: intro limits + tests, death falls to 6,500 a year

  MOT + license

  Highway Code - alcohol/drugs