bones

• musculoskeletal tissue

  labels

  A) bone

  B) ligament

  C) synovium

  D) hyaline cartilage

  E) fibrocartilage

  F) muscle

  G) tendon

  
• hyaline cartilage function 


  reduce friction
• ligament connects


  bone to bone
• fibrocartilage function 


  shock absorber
• tendon connects 


  muscle to bone
• ligaments limit movement
• tendons facilitate movement
• ligaments resist tension and are composed of

  collagen I
• tendons resist tension and are composed of 


  collagen I
• cartilage resists compression (resists tension) and is composed of

  collagen II, proteoglycan and water
• fibrocartilage resists compression and tension and is composed of

  collagen I and II, proteoglycan and water
• bone resists compression and tension and is composed of

  collagen I and mineral (hydroxyapatite)
• synovium mechanical function is

  lubrication
• synovium is composed of

  cells
• how many bones are in the adult system

  206
• there are more bones in new-borns than adults
• epiphysial growth plates are used to grow bone
• mesoderm forms connective tissue (includes bone)
• bone can be made from 2 processes

  intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
• intramembranous develops in the membrane
• endochondal comes from cartilage
• fetal skeleton is made up of

  cartilage
• blood vessels invade the cartilage of the fetus
• cartilage skeletons ossifies to become bone
• intramembranous ossification

  • no cartilage
  • cells proliferate and condense
  • used to form flat bones in this way
• cartilage grows quicker than bone
• structure of long bones

  • Cylindrical shaft (diaphysis)
  • Connected to expanding end of bone (epiphyses)
  • Shell of compact bone surrounds the medullary or marrow cavity -> site of blood production
  • Red to yellow (from immature to inactive)
• types of bone

  • long bone
  • short bone
  • flat bone
  • irregular bone
  • sesamoid
• long bone example 


  tibia
• short bone example 


  carpale bones
• flat bone example 


  skull
• irregular bone example


  vertebrae
• sesamoid example 


  knee caps
• functions of bones

  • support for other organs
  • protection
  • system of levers
  • store for minerals
  • haemopoiesis (producing blood cells)
  • endocrine organ
  • detoxify body of metals
• bone is a living tissue
• 4 types of bone

  • osteoblasts (Ob) build bone
  • osteocytes (Oc) maintain bone
  • lining cells (Lc) maintain
  • osteoclasts (Ocl) remove
• osteoblasts become osteoclasts over time
• osteoblasts function

  • make collagen I
  • synthesise bone matric and prime for subsequent mineralisation
  • pump cuboidal cells with abundant organelles for synthesis and secretion of protein
  • form epithelial layer on bone surface
• osteocytes are engulfed in bone matrix
• osteocytes rely on canaliculi to maintain junctions with other osteocytes