G11 Internal Systems Biology

• Macromolecule


  A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
• Essential Nutrient

  A nutrient that cant be made by the body, therefore must be obtained from food
• Carbohydrate Use

  • Provides quick energy for cells (monosaccharides)
  • Provides materials to build cell mebranes
• Carbohydrate Examples

  Glucose (mono)

  Starch (poly)

  Glycogen (poly)

  Fructose Lactose
• Lipid Use

  • Stores energy reserves for later use by cells
  • Cushion and insulate internal organs
  • Provide materials to build cell membrane
• Lipid Examples

  Fats

  Waxes

  Oils
• Protein Use

  • Provide structure and support for cells
  • Aid muscle movement
  • Provides immunity against infections and disease
  • transports ions across cell membrane
• Enzymes

  Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
• Protein Examples


  Collagen

  Insulin

  Enzymes

  Antiobodies

  Hemoglobin

  Na + / K+ pump
• Nucleic Acid

  • Contain an organisms genetic information
  • Direct and organisms growth
• Nucleic Acid Exampls

  RNA

  DNA
• Monomer


  Reacts with other monomers to form polymer
• Polymer VS Monomer

  Monosaccharide -> Carbohydrate

  Fatty Acid -> Lipid

  Amino Acids -> Protein

  Nucleotides -> Nucleic Acid
• Hydrolysis

  is the breakdown of a macromolecule using water
• Ingestion

  Getting food inside the body through the mouth
• Mechanical Breakdown

  • Form of digestion
  • Reduces pieces of food into small chunks
  • Involves the mouth; biting and chewing by teeth, tongue and the peristaltic movements of the stomach
• Chemical Breakdown

  • Form of Digestion
  • Food is broken down into sub units which can enter cells
  • Involves enzymes in mouth, stomach and small intestine (from gall bladder and pancreas)
• Absorption

  Small Molecules (monomers) such as monosaccharides, amino acids fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
• Egestion

  Elimination of unusable food from the body, involves rectum and anus (poop)
• Breathing

  Involves inspiration and expiration exchange of gas with outside enviroment
• External Respiration

  exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between inspired air in the lungs and blood
• Internal Respiration

  Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and bodys tissue cells
• Cellular Respiration

  chemical reactions that takes place in the cells to provide energy for cellular activities. it requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
• External Respiration

  Oxygen goes into red blood cells

  CO2 comes out of red blood cells

  Oxygen transport in arterial blood

  
• Structures of the Respiratory System

  .

  A) nasal cavity

  B) pharynx

  C) epiglottis

  D) glottis

  E) larynx

  F) trachea

  G) bronchus

  H) bronchiole

  I) lung

  J) diaphram

  
• Inhalation

  • Intercostal and diaphram contract
  • Thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases
  • Air Rushes in

  
• Exhalation

  • Intercostal and diaphram relax
  • Thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases
  • Air rushes out

  
• Neural Control

  Under control of the respiratory centre in the brain called the Medulla
• Phrenic Nerves

  Carry impulses from the medulla to the diaphram and intercostal muscles causing their contracting or relaxation
• Vagus Nerves

  carry nerve impulses from lungs, skin, nose, larynx, and abdomen to the medulla giving feedback about respiratory state
• Chemical Control

  high levels of CO2 in blood lowers the pH. Medulla responds to low pH by sending signal via phrenic nerves to speed up breathing rate
• Chemical Control

  high levels of CO2 in blood lowers the pH. Medulla responds to low pH by sending signal via phrenic nerves to speed up breathing rate

  A) 2H

  B) CO3

  
• A typical Spirograph

  .

  A) tidal volume

  B) inspiratory reserve volume

  C) expiratory reserve volume

  D) vital capacity

  
• Tidal Volume

  Volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume

  Volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
• Expiratory Reserve Volume


  Volume of air that can forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
• Residual Volume


  Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
• Total Lung Capacity

  Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
• Vital Capacity


  Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effect
• Mouth Function

  • gets food into body
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion (amylase)