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• Histology


  Science that deals with the study of normal tissues
• Pathology


  Study of abnormal tissues with altered structure and function of the body, organs, tissues, and cells
• Tissues


  Groups of cells that have similar structure and intercellular materials interrelated to perform a specific function
• Cytology


  Study of cells
• Cells


  Basic unit of life, composed of all living things
• Mitosis


  Division of a cell into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
• Meiosis


  Division of germ cells resulting in four daughter cells which are not identical to the parent cell
• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - first person to observe and describe living cells using his handheld microscope


  16th Century
• Robert Hooke - English microscopist and physicist, observed a slice of cork under a microscope and discovered many small compartments like honeycomb structures (cells)


  17th Century
• Marcelo Malphigi - Italian anatomist, first to describe true units forming animal tissues using simple lenses, true Father of Histology


  17th Century
• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - developed compound lenses, first to describe nucleus while examining the red blood cells of salmon, discovered protozoa, bacteria, muscles, nerves, etc.


  17th Century
• Robert Brown - introduced nucleus, observed in epidermal cells of orchids and noticed small dense centers in plant cells but function is yet unknown


  17th Century
• Marie Francois Bichat (1802) - French pathologist, termed tissues as textures (different group of cells)


  18th Century
• Matthias Schleiden - proposed cell theory for plants


  18th Century
• Theodor Schwann (1838-1839) - described that animals are made of cells, discovered cells that form sheath surrounding nerve


  18th Century
• Friedich Gustav Jacob Henle (1841) - Published the first human histology


  18th Century
• Max Schultze (1861) - first describe cells as mass of nucleated protoplasm


  19th Century
• Rudolf Virchow (1863) - Fundamental Law of Biology or Law of Virchow, described human body as "Cell state" and that all diseases involved changes in normal cells


  19th Century
• Microtome, fixing, embedding and staining techniques developed to cut thin tissue sections like a ribbon


  19th Century
• Gross Anatomy


  Division of Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy


  Division of Anatomy, includes Cytology (study of cells and structures), Histology (study of groups of similar cells for performance of specific function/s), and Organology (study of a group of tissues arranged in the pattern of a particular organ)
• Three elements that composed human body

  • Cells
  • Intercellular Substances (Formed - collagen and elastin, Amorphous Ground Substances - protein, polysaccharides)
  • Body fluid - blood and lymphs
• Eukaryotic cells


  Cells with true nucleus, nuclear envelope, histones, and numerous membrane-limited organelles
• Prokaryotic cells


  Cells without true nucleus, nuclear envelope, histones, and membrane-limited organelles (usually absent)
• Cell structure


  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma


  Plasma membrane, regulated entrance and exit of substances, acts as a selective barrier
• Protoplasm


  All that is inside the cell membrane, including organelles, inclusion bodies, and nucleus
• Cytoplasm


  All contents outside the nucleus, containing organelles and inclusion bodies, and a matrix embedding them
• Physiologic properties of protoplasm

  • Irritability
  • Contractility
  • Conductivity
  • Respiration
  • Absorption/Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • Growth and Reproduction
• Chemical composition of cytoplasm

  • 75% water
  • 1% salt
  • 3% lipids
  • 1% carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
  • 20% CHON
  • Cations - Na, K, Ca, Mg
  • Anions - phosphates, bicarbonates, chlorine
• Cytoplasmic organelles


  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosome
  • Centrosome
  • Golgi Apparatus/Dictyosome
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosome
  • Fibrils
  • Microtubules
  • Microbodies/Peroxisome
• Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies


  • Vacuoles/Vesicles
  • Lipid/Fat Droplet
  • Glycogen Granules
  • Pigment Granule
  • Secretory/Zymogen Granules
  • Mucigen Droplets
• Nucleus


  Stains blue (basophilic), unifies, controls, and integrates cell function, controls biochemical reactions and reproduction, repository of the complete set of heredity
• Parts of a nucleus

  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Nucleoplasm/Karyoplasm
  • Nuclear Chromatin/Chromatin Granules
  • Nucleolus
• Eukaryotic cell cycle


  • G1: Initial Gap
  • S Stage: Synthetic Stage
  • G2: Second Gap
  • Mitosis
• Cell division


  Cells have limited life cycle, occurs in all adult cells except the cells of CNS, involves both Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis
• Types of cell division

  • Mitosis (occurs in somatic cells, parent cell divides to form two new cells identical with one another and to the parent cell)
  • Meiosis (occurs in sex/germ cells, parent cell divides to form new cells not identical with one another and to the parent cell, necessary for sexual reproduction)
• Stages of mitosis


  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
• Tic Stage


  1. Active DNA and histone synthesis

  2. Probable replication of two centrioles

  3. Nine (9) hours

  4. No prokaryotic cell
• G2: Second Gap


  1. Time between DNA synthesis and resumption of mitosis

  2. Four (4) hours