Inter regional migration

• EU countries with largest net migration gain in 2013


  Italy = 1.2 million Germany = 450,000
• EU countries with largest net migration LOSS

  Spain = 260,000

  Greece = 50,000
• Lee model

  Explains how the flow of migration between host and donor countries isn't just influenced by push and pull factors but also intervening obstacles
• Example of Intervening obstacles

  physical features ; oceans, rivers, mountains, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors, language
• Intra-regional migrant flows


  Migration within a region, such as the EU.
• Inter-regional migrant flows


  Migration between different regions - often defined as movement across continents.
• What occurred in 2015 that increased inter regional migration from Asia/Middle East to Europe?

  The outbreak of the Syrian civil war; many other conflicts in Afghanistan and Eritrea occurred round the same time
• Inter regional migration


  Movement of people between two regions
• In 2015, the outbreak of the Syrian civil war and other conflicts in Afghanistan and Eritrea increased inter regional migration from Asia/Middle East to Europe
• The main route used by refugees in 2015 was the Central Mediterranean
• The main European route peaked in 2015
• Other routes into Europe

  • Western Mediterranean - Spanish coast
  • Eastern Mediterranean - Greek coast
  • Western Africa - From the Islands on the coast
  • Western Balkan - Turkey to Greece
  • Eastern Land Boarders - Ukraine to central Europe
• Lee model


  Shows that there are both positives and negatives of destinations and that there are intervening obstacles
• Pull factors


  • Financial stability
  • Free from persecution
  • Better healthcare and education
  • Food security
  • Political stability
• Neighbouring countries such as Lebanon and Jordan took in the most refugees during 2015
• Push factors


  • War - Ukraine, Syria
  • Food insecurity
  • Human rights violations - Eritrea
  • Poverty - Libya
• Intervening obstacles


  • Physical barriers - many immigrants may have to cross deserts and mountainous areas which is bad for health
  • EU boarders - many asylum seeker claims could be rejected and people can be deported back to their country origin
  • Crossing war zones - this can cause damage to health
• Since the legal routes require lots of documentation and minimum salaries, refugees who have had to flee quickly have to pay lots of money to illegal gangs to cross the border
• 92% of Libyan refugees in 2015 using the West African route were victims of violence
• Italy and Greece were overwhelmed with refugees
• Where refugees arrived from in 2015

  • Syria (45%)
  • Afghanistan (25%)
  • Eritrea (10%)
  • Libya (8%)
• Where most refugees went (EU countries)

  • Germany (41%)
  • Sweden (16%)
• Refugees passed through Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia and Hungary illegally
• Theories about why people migrate

  • Neoclassical economic
  • Dual Labour migration
  • New economic of labour migration
  • Relative deprivation
  • World system theory
• Dublin accord


  The agreement that the first country that an asylum seeker lands in, is responsible for dealing with their application