Matter

• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
• The Properties of Matter are:

  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
• If that property can be measured without changing the chemical composition of that matter, it is a physical property. 
• The physical properties of matter can be further subdivided into extensive and intensive properties.
• Extensive properties are those that depend on the amount of matter being measured. The classic examples of extensive physical properties are the mass, volume, and number of moles. Decreasing the amount of matter being weighed will decrease the mass of that matter.
• intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter being considered. 
• Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances.

   
• The Two Types of Matter are: Pure Substance and Mixture
• A substance is a form of matter with a definite composition and distinct properties. A pure substance can be further classified into two categories: elements and compounds.
• There are about 118 known elements to date
• When two or more types of elements are used in fixed proportion with one another to form a single substance, a compound is formed.
• The element Ogannesson is by far the heaviest element in the periodic table and the second element that is named after a living person (Seaborgium)
• Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian, a Russian nuclear physicist who is considered the world's leading reasearcher in superheavy chemical elements
•  A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
• In a homogenous mixture, the composition of the mixture is the same throughout
• If you cannot recognize the individual components of a mixture, then it is homogenous
• The solution is composued of two components: Solute and Solvent
• The component that exists in the greatest amount is the solvent, while solute is/are the component/s that exists in minor amount/s. 
• When studying the chemistry of solutions, you will often encounter the word “aqueous.” In most cases, an aqueous solution means that water exists in the greatest proportion in the solution and hence, acts as a solvent.
• Water is the universal solvebt
• If you can differentiate the components of a mixture, then it is a heterogeneous mixture. 
• Heterogeneous mixtures can be further subdivided into suspension and colloids.
• If you can distinguish the mixture from a heterogenous mixture, then it is a suspension
• Colloids are heterogenous mixture that can only be differentiated under a microscope
• This phenomenon is known as the Tyndall effect. Solutions do not exhibit this scattering effect; instead, you will see a clean transmission of light from one end of the glass to the other.
• Solid -definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed, and vibrate in place
• Liquid - definite volume but no definite shape, particles are close but can move around freely
• Gas - no definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely
• Plasma - ionized gas with free electrons, no definite shape, or volume, particles are charged and highly energetic