Chapter 1- Lesson 1 &2

• Sex


  The biological aspect of sex; maleness or femaleness
• Gender


  The social interpretation of sex; masculinity, femininity, etc.
• Sex chromosomes


  Chromosomal markers that distinguish female from male species
• Intersex


  Individuals with composite genitals (possessing some characteristics of both male and female genitals)
• Sex


  • It is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality
  • It is also referred to as biological sex or physical sex
  • It generally pertains to your identity depending on your sexual anatomy and physiology
  • It is typically determined by examining your genitals
• Hermaphroditism (Intersexuality)


  A case when a baby's genital is a conglomerate of male and female organs
• Chromosomes


  Protein structures which contain your genetic material
• Hormones


  Chemicals in our body that are responsible for sustaining bodily processes
• Gender


  The social dimension of one's sexuality
• Masculinity


  Male
• Femininity


  Female
• Things to manifest gender

  • Colors assigned to the baby
  • Toys
  • Behaviors
  • Programs to take in College
  • Works
• Heteronormativity


  The phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based on whether it conforms or not to the expectations relative to one's biological sex
• Gender identity


  One's sense of who they are (man, woman, or neither)
• Transgender


  People whose biological sex does not align with their gender identity
• Sexuality


  Our emotional and sexual attraction to a person
• Sexuality


  o HETEROSEXUAL – “straight”

  o HOMOSEXUAL – “gay” or “lesbians”

  o BISEXUAL – attracted to both sexes

  o Pansexuality - the romantic, emotional, and/or sexual attraction to people regardless of their gender.
• Patriarchy


  A social system where men primarily hold power in the political and the private spheres
• Feminism


  Continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women
• Divine feminine


  The sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children
• Egalitarian


  Men and women have equitable power and roles
• Archeological artifacts reveal that in the distant past, humans have high regard for women because of divine feminine, which made societies egalitarian
• Humans' discovery of paternity began to establish communities and changed how societies viewed women and men
• For the longest time, societies have privileged men over other genders, mainly because of the preferential given to them in the productive sphere
• During the industrial era, the gender disparity intensified where men were preferred because they did not have to bear children for 9 months and because of their physical strength that are necessary in factories and work
• Patrilineal society


  A society that follows the patriarchal system where men can only inherit property and the family name, women are not allowed to go to schools, and women are not allowed to vote
• According to Friedrich Engels, a patriarchy system arises when people started having private property instead of a communal living
• Historical views on women

  • Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and properties of men
  • Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they could inherit property and engage in trade and politics
  • Confucianism had stringent written rules that dictated how women should conduct themselves
• Forms of oppression


  • Sexism – prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex
  • Gender pay gap – men earn more than women
  • Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions
  • Rape on women & stigma making women ashamed on filing a report
  • Very conservative expectations on women’s behavior
  • Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction
  • Women do more housework and childcare
• Feminism


  A continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women
• Waves of feminism


  • First wave (19th and early 20th century)
  • Second wave (1960s through 1980s)
  • Third wave (1990s)
  • Fourth wave (2012 onwards)
• Feminism demands


  • Women Suffrage
  • Equality in Politics and Society
  • Reproductive Rights
  • Domestic Violence
  • Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence
  • Other Rights (Right to make pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment opportunity)