Changing UK ecnomy

• What was the UKs population in 1960-2015

  52million-64million
• What happened to the UKs economy when the population increased between 1960-2015

  The UKs economy increased from 727billion to 2.67trillion

  267% increase
• What is the primary sector

  It includes workers who work through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry
• What is the secondary sector

  the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

  E.g construction, car manufacture
• What is the tertiary sector


  It is the issuing of goods and services in exchange for money. It includes retailing, banking, law, education, and government(e.g teaching and healthcare)
• What is the quaternary sector


  research and development

  (E.g genome research, IT programmer)
• Distribution of work sector in 1800


  The largest sector was primary sector due to the countries reliance on agriculture

  The secondary and tertiary sectors are small at this time and there was no such thing as a quaternary at sector
• Distribution of work sector in 1900


  The primary sector remained the same but the secondary sector more than doubled due to the Industrial Revolution which brought factories and machines into the country. The tertiary sector also increased
• Distribution of work sector in 2006


  The primary and secondary sector drastically decreased because the UK now imports and manufactures most of its products. The quaternary sector was finally introduced due to technology playing a large role in the economy
• Why has the UK economy changed

  • Deindustrialisation

  • Globalisation

  • Government policy
• What is deindustrialisation and how has it affected the economy

  Deindustrialisation is the decline of traditional industries

  This happened because:-other countries can produce cheaper goods since labour is less expensive

  -traditional UK industries (engineering,coal mining) have declined

  -machines and technology have replaced many people in modern industries

  -UK is now a world centre for financial services, media, research and creative industries

  +reserves of natural resources such as iron ore and coal have declined in the UK or become uneconomic to mine
• What is globalisation and how has it effected the economy

  Globalisation is the growth and spread of ideas around the world such as culture, people, goods and information

  This happened because:- developments in transport, communication and the internet

  -contributed to the decline in manufacturing since it boosted world trade and enabled more imported products

  -cheaper crops and food can be imported from overseas where the climate may be more favourable and both labour and lard are cheaper then in the UK
• Government policies which effected the UK economy 1945-1979


  -UK government created state-run industries

  -Government money was spent 'propping up' declining UK industries but ageing equipment, outdated working practices and too many employers made them unprofitable

  1970s- social unrest, stokes, power cuts and factory closures
• Government policies which effected the UK economy 1979-2010

  -State-run industries were sold off to private shareholders to create a more competitive business environment

  -many older industries closed down and many jobs lost

  -private companies brought innovation and change

  -Derelict industries transformed into financial centres with officials and modern retail outlets
• Government policies which effected the UK economy in 2010-onwards

  Aim was to rebuild and rebalance the economy

  -more investment in manufacturing industries

  -encouraging global farms to locate within the UK

  -easier access to loans and finance

  -improvements to transport infrastructure (e.g railway)

  -policies limiting fishing and helping farmers mechanise cost jobs in primary industries
• What is a post-industrial economy?


  Economy where manufacturing is no longer the country's most important industry so is replaced by growth in the service sector and the development and quaternary sector
• when did the UK have a post industrial economy

  from the 1970s
• By 2015 what percent of the UK were employed in tertiary jobs

  78%
• What factors contribute to the growth in services

  -good transport connections (road, rail, air)

  -a highly skilled workforce educated to degree level or above

  -the number of quaternary industries with potential to grow and new start up businesses with potential to grow larger
• which areas of the economy have contributed the most to the development of post industrial economy in the UK

  -development of information technology (IT)

  -service industries and finance

  -research
• IT has helped globalisation because

  -the internet enables people to communicate with each other instantly across the whole world

  -many people can access the internet using smart phones and tablets

  -computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed very quickly
• How has research helped the UK economy


  -it is part of the quaternary sector and employs over 60,000 highly-qualified people

  -British Atlantic Survey - BAS

  employs over 500 people

  involves the use of ships, aircraft and research

  helps our understanding of the Earth and human impact on its natural systems
• What is a science park and how many are there in the UK


  A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site

  over 100 in the UK
• Why are science parks associated with universities

  Associated with universities enabling them to use research facilities and employ skilled graduates
• University of Southampton Science Park

  -opened in 1986

  -has expanded to include 100 small science and innovation businesses e.g. photonstar, Fibercrore

  located near an airport and motorways so easy for international students to gain access
• What are the benefits of the University of Southampton science park

  -excellent links with university which provides research facilities and academic talents

  -attractive location with extensive green areas and woodlands

  -meeting rooms. a nursery, high-speed broadband are on site

  -excellent transport links (M3 and international airport)
• What is a business park


  an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
• Where are business parks usually located?

  usually located on the edge of town because

  -land tends to be cheaper

  -more land available

  -businesses can benefit by working together

  -access is better for workers and distribution
• Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

  UK's largest business park

  Businesses there: Tesco, Santander, HP,EE

  Several support facilities including retail outlets and opportunities for recreation like a fitness centre and cycle paths

  businesses at Cobalt Business Park are eligible for government assistance
• Why has there been a growth in the number of science parks in the UK

  -growth in tertiary and quaternary

  -provide higher paying jobs

  -new technological firms

  -people entering higher education

  -help support new bussiness
• Negative impacts of industry on the physical environment

  -industrial processes and buildings can cause air, water pollution as well as degrading (remove the nutrients)the soil

  -waste products are often taken to landfill and pollute the air as well as the soil and water which are more difficult to recover

  -transport pf industrial products is usually by road (motorway) causing air pollution and environmental damage through construction
• What does sustainability mean?


  is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• How can industrial development be more sustainable?

  de-sulphurisation: removes harmful gases (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations and heavy industry

  stricter environment targets: set for industry on water quality, air pollution and landscape damage

  technology: used to make production process more efficient and reduce harmful emissions from industry and power stations

  heavy fines: imposed on polluters
• example of quarrying in UK

  Torr Limestone Quarry Somerset
• Impacts of Quarrying


  destroy natural habitats

  pollute water courses

  scar landscapes

  landscape will never return to its original form
• What is a company expected to do once a quarry has been used

  restore the

  landfill, agriculture, habitats, housing and flood storage
• What are their strict controls on for a Quarry

  blasting, removal of dust on roads, landscaping and the recycling of the materials they use
• Torr Quarry, Somerset


  -over 100 people employed

  -occupied a 2.5km squared site

  -currently produces 5million tonnes of Limestone
• How is Torr Quarry becoming environmentally sustainable

  - a plan was made to deepen the Quarry instead of extending outwards into surrounding countryside

  - is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply

  -rail transport minimises the impact on local roads and villages

  -regular monitoring of noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water quality
• JCB - local case study

  - HQ is in Staffordshire, UK

  -employs over 7000ppl and makes 279 different machines

  -has plenty of trees, a lake which contain a lot of fish,

  -HQ has sculptures to attract and appeal to visitors