EXTRAS

• water can be treated by passing it thru filter beds and then adding chlorine or ozone, or passing it thru UV or desalination
• Desalination is treatment of seawater to remove salt by distillation or reverse osmosis so when salt water is put thru semipermeable membrane, only H2O molecules can pass thru it
• Phytomining is use of plants as they grow, metals are taken up thru plants vascular system and become concentrated in specific parts and then these parts of plant are harvest, dried and burned.
• Bioleaching is a technique that makes use of bacteria to extract metals from metal ores as some can break down ores to form acidic solutions which are called leachates. the ions can then be reduce to solid metal form an extract by displacement reactions or electrolysis
• bioleaching doesn't require high temps but it does produce toxic substances which need to be treated so they don't contaminate the environment
• smelting is method involving heating metal oxide produce from roasting with reducing agent to obtain pure metal.
• smelting uses huge amounts of energy which is expensive and causes environmental pollution
• Sludge contains human waste, suspended solids, water and dissolved compounds and is digested anaerobically by microorganisms.
• Dried sewage sludge can be used as fertiliser or source of renewable energy
• anaerobic digestion releases methane as by-product from organic matter in sludge
• Formulation is a mixture that has been designed to produce useful product
• INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS ADVS: provide greater accuracy, faster and easier to use, automated and can perform multiple simultaneous sampling and testing, very sensitive and can work with very small sample sizes
• INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS DISADVS: equipment is usually very expensive, takes special training to sue and gives results can be interpret only by comparison with data from known substances