Geography paper 2 : Human enviroment

• HICS = high income countries
• LICS = low income countries
• NEEs = newly income economies
• push factors encourage people to leave an area
• pull factors encourage people to move to an area
• push factors : natural disasters, fewer jobs available and desertification
• pull factors : more jobs, better health care, education and better quality of life
• urbanisations is also caused by natural increase meaning higher birth rates and less death rates
• young people move to the cities for work they then have children which increase the natural birth rate
• better healthcare reduces death rate
• Lagos is the biggest city in Africa
• Lagos is estimated over 14million population
• social opportunities Lagos : Lagos has better services and resources compared to rural Nigeria. better healthcare, Lagos has 20,000 schools, Lagos uses 40% of countries electricity supply and water treatment plans provide safe water
• economic opportunities Lagos : income can be four times higher in Lagos than rural Nigeria so many people migrate in search of better jobs. rapid growth means lots of construction jobs, many ports banks and fishing jobs and Lagos has a thriving film and music industry 'Nollywood'.
• rapid growth has led to slums and squatter settlements, cess to clean water, sanitation and energy is poor, there aren`t health and education facilities and an increase in crime
• environmental problems in Lagos : the population produces 9000 tones of waste a day and only 40% of rubbish is officially collected by rubbish dumps like Olusosun which contains toxic waste, pollution from factories and cars and traffic congestion is really bad and there is limited public transport
• in 2013 a floating school was built in Makoko to try and give the poorest people education and could house up to 100 students
• the floating schools provided jobs for the teachers, improved children's view of jobs
• the floating school was built with local sourced materials which did not impact the village, the buoyancy of the school reduced the impact of the flood and the school ran on solar power
• Birmingham is the UK second largest city and is very multi cultural
• social : Birmingham has 5 universities which caters for over 65,000 students
• economic : the bull ring shopping centre includes 140 shops generating employment and income for the local economy
• environmental : the canals in Birmingham are cleaned and the paths have been cleaned to encourage people to walk and cycle along the canals in the city
• urban areas need to become more sustainable