A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others.
The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease.
Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.
The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies. Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer.
