Organic chemistry

    Cards (35)

    • How do alkenes react
      Addition reactions
    • what does a functional group determine
      how a molecule typically reacts
    • what functional group do alkenes have
      C=C
    • how does an addition reaction work in alkenes
      the double carbon bond opens up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon
    • what is hydrogenation
      reaction of an alkene and hydrogen
    • what does steam and an alkene form
      alchahol
    • how is ethanol made
      by mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst
    • how is ethanol made industrially
      after the reaction takes place the reaction mixture is passed from the reactor into the condenser
      ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so they condense and the unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into the reactor
      the ethanol is purified from the mixture by fractional distillation
    • how do halogens react with alkenes
      the double bonded carbon atoms become bonded to a halogen atom
    • bromine and ethene
      dibromoethane
    • how is bromine used to test for alkenes
      bromine and an alkane will stay right orange
      bromine and an alkene will be colourless because the bromine will add across the double bond
    • What are polymers
      polymers are long molecules formed when lots of monomers join together
    • what are plastics made of
      carbon based polymers
      monomers are often alkenes
    • what are addition polymers made from
      unsaturated monomers
    • what is addition polymerisation
      the monomers that make up addition polymers have a double covalent bond
      they can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains
    • what functional group do alcohols have
      OH
    • what are the properties of the first 4 alcohols
      -flammable
      -soluble in water
      -have a neutral ph
      -can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid
    • what are alcohols used for
      Solvents and fuels
    • why are alcohols used as solvents in industry
      they can dissolve lots of things like hydrocarbons oils and fats
    • why are alcohols used as fuels
      burns cleanly and doesn’t smell
    • how can ethanol be made
      fermentation
    • what functional group do carboxylic acids have
      COOH
    • how do carboxylic acids react
      like other acids
    • what happens when you mix a carboxylic acid and water
      carboxylic acids dissolve in water.
      they ionise and release H+ ions .
      they don’t ionise completely so they form weak acidic solutions
    • how are esters made
      alcohol and carboxylic acid and usually an acid catalyst
    • what does condensation polymerisation involve
      monomers with different functional groups
    • how does condensation polymerisation work
      monomers react and bonds form between them
      for each new bond formed a small molecule is lost
    • what functional groups does an amino acid contain
      amino group and a carboxyl group
    • what is an amino group
      NH2
    • what are proteins
      polymers of amino acids
    • what is a polypeptide
      polymers formed from amino acids
    • ho do amino acids form polymers
      condensation polymerisation
    • what happens when amino acids form polymers
      amino group reacts with an acid group and a water is lost
    • what are DNA molecules made from
      nucleotide polymers
    • hoe does DNA have a double helix structure
      bases on different polymer chains pair up with each other and form cross links keeping the two strands together