4 markers

• Explain how differential access to markets can impact on economic well-being (4 marks)

  - trading blocs can help with economic well being as they allow free trade between countries

  - for example NAFTA allows free trade between USA, Canada and Mexico, this has allowed Mexico to receive increased foreign investment as TNCs establish plants in the country this provides thousands of jobs for those living in the country such as in the car industry

  - however trade blocs can also cause countries to lose out economically as it is normally HICs which have control over them
• explain how one TNC has contributed to the globalisation of the world's economy (4 marks)

  - an example of a TNC is Dyson

  - Dyson moved its manufacturing plant to Malaysia providing skilled jobs in an NEE

  - it employs over 1,200 people

  - it has an annual turnover of £7 billion and has sold products in over 80 countries
• outline the spatial organisation of one TNC you have studied (4 marks)

  - Dyson was originally a UK based company with a plant in Malmsbury

  - it relocated to Malaysia where there was much more space and much better transport links

  - its headquarters are still in the UK as well as 1,000 staff working on production of washing machines

  - it has sold products in over 80 countries
• what is meant by the term globalisation? (4 marks)

  - it is the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming more interconnected to each other

  - countries are becoming more closely integrated

  - it is caused by the movement of information, capital, products, services and labour between countries

  - it has been rapidly increasing since the 1980's and is leading to more countries becoming interdependent
• explain how flows of information help to promote globalisation (4 marks)

  - globalisation is the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming increasingly interconnected with each other

  - flows of information is financial data and news of current events and ow quickly it can spread across the world

  - large amounts of information can be spread by the internet and email meaning people can communicate with others living across the world

  - people are becoming more interconnected as they learn about other cultures without leaving there home country
• explain how flows of capital help to promote globalisation (4 marks)

  - globalisation is the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming increasingly interconnected

  - flows of capital are the flows of money between countries which are used for investment, trade or production

  - it has made countries more interdependent as they are dependent on flows of investments from other countries

  - an example is FDI which is often TNCs investing in overseas production however this can lead to economic leakages
• explain how flows of production are a contributing factor in globalisation (4 marks)

  - globalisation is the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming increasingly interconnected

  - flows of products has increased due to the reduction in trade costs such as tariffs meaning developed countries move manufacturing elsewhere

  - it means products are now not normally made in the countries they were produced

  - the reduced transport costs and time due to containerisation have increased it further and mean countries are even more interconnected
• explain how flow of service are a contributing factor in globalisation (4 marks)

  - globalisation is the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming increasingly interconnected

  - flows of service are economic activities that are traded without the production of goods such as finance and insurance

  - low level services are for customers and include banking and call centres, high level services are for businesses such as investment

  - many of these depend on communication and are footloose meaning they can relocate anywhere
• explain how increased flows of labour have helped promote globalisation (4 marks)


  - globalisation is the process by which economies, political systems and cultures become increasingly interconnected

  - flows of labour is the movement of people overseas to work

  - it is common for people to move to oil rich countries like Qatar or from South Asia to North America and Europe

  - it is often people with educational and financial needs

  - it is increasing connectivity as they bring familiar aspects of there culture with them
• explain how new systems, technology and relationships have influenced globalisation (4 marks)

  - systems include the ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation that allow a particular function to be carried out

  - since the 1940's new systems have been introduced making it easier for flows of information, services and capital to flow across boarders

  - technology used for information, communication and transport has advanced, the internet allows fast slows of information, airplanes allow fast flows of goods and people

  - since WWII relationships are based on trade and common rules
• explain the factors that have lead to increased financial globalisation (4 marks)


  - the global financial system governs the flows of capital between countries

  - investment banks have been a significant factor in globalisation, they help companies raise capital and sell shares

  - the internet has allowed investors greater access to information meaning the companies they invest in become much more successful

  - the government relaxed rules on what the banks could do, so banks could charge people much more for there services
• explain how trade agreements are a factor in globalisation (4 marks)

  - the government controls trade and what price and products can enter a country

  - one of the controls tariffs make it more expensive to sell products broad and for consumers to buy the products

  - trade agreements make it cheaper to trade benefiting both countries

  - trade agreements are set by the WTO

  - an example of a trade agreement is NAFTA
• explain how transport and communication systems have improved global connectivity (4 marks)

  - improved transport systems means products and people can travel around the world

  - the containerisation of products makes trade cheaper as all transport methods are built to fit the same size containers

  - the use of satellites means people living in the remotest of places can communicate with everyone else

  - optic fibres allow fast communication between everyone
• explain how management and information systems have improved global connectivity (4 marks)


  - it allows any aspect of a company to be located anywhere across the globe, many countries have different departments in different countries to minimise costs

  - large companies benefit from economies of scale which allows the average cost of product to decrease

  - outsourcing abroad made possible by globalisation can cut costs
• explain how security is a contributing factor in globalisation (4 marks)

  - globalisation creates trading agreements between countries causing them to become interdependent

  - this means wars are less likely to occur

  - countries can work together to remove threats

  - however conflict may also be more likely if countries intervene to get resources such as oil
• what is meant by the term interdependence?? (4 marks)

  - interdependence is the countries increasingly relying on each other

  - an example of economic interdependence is countries producing oil rely on countries consuming oil who rely on producers of oils

  - an example of political interdependence was during the 2015-16 migrant crisis where countries in Europe all worked together to support refugees from conflict in Syria
• explain how unequal flows of technology have created inequality (4 marks)

  - most of technology is owned by developed countries, technology mainly flows from developed to developing countries

  - it can cause conflict as repressive governments of less developed countries used weaponed technology to stop protest from their own people

  - it can cause a greater difference in inequality between developed and developing countries as the developing countries can't afford the latest technology so they have less access to information and services
• explain how unequal flows of people can lead to inequalities (4 marks)


  - flows of people include immigration of people seeking better job opportunities else where

  - it can create inequalities as it is often the most skilled people are migrate further increasing the gap between wealth int eh different countries

  - it is injustice as the migrants are often made to work in dangerous conditions for little money

  - for example during the building of world cup stadiums for Qatar 2022, thousands of workers died during construction of the stadiums
• explain how unequal flows of money can lead to inequalities or injustice (4 marks)

  - flows of money include remittances or foreign aid

  - it can cause inequality as foreign aid can create dependency giving governments little incentives to improve there own countries

  - FDI can also force out local business

  - it can cause injustice as companies may pressure governments of less developed countries to pass laws making it cheaper to invest there
• explain how unequal flows of ideas can lead to conflict or inequality (4 marks)


  - flows of ideas are to do with how the world works and is dominated by developed countries

  - this lead to inequalities as it concentrates wealth into a small number of countries that had all the ideas

  - it can cause conflict as less developed countries may feel threatened if developed countries intervene in free trade
• explain how global institutions can increase unequal power relations between countries (4 marks)
• what is the WTO and what are its main aims? (4 marks)

  - the world trade organisation was established in 1995 to establish global rules of trade between nations and help negotiate trade agreements

  - it lead to the EU and Latin America coming to an agreement over a dispute about bananas

  - Doha 2008 talks collapsed due to disagreements between USA, China and India
• IMF (4 marks)


  - the IMF was set up to act as a regulator of financial flows

  - it provides loans as a last minute resort for countries in economic crisis's

  - it has over 2,000 staff in 185 countries

  - it goes against the role of the world bank and promotes a western model of economic development which works in the interest of developed countries
• world bank (4 marks)

  - it oversees the global financial system and provides support for less developed countries aimed at reducing poverty

  - it provides long term investment loans and since 1990 has claimed to support 'bottom up' sustainable development projects

  - it has always had an American president and conditions attached to loans often don't always enable a country to reduce poverty
• IPCC (4 marks)


  - it was founded in 1988 with concerns on the global environment

  - it has lead to more summits addressing global issues such as climate change

  - it has been recognised for its achievements when it was awarded the noble peace prize in 2007

  - it has had errors made in report predictions and the chairman benefits from climate change