injury

• What are the two main types of injury?

  Acute and chronic
• Describe an acute injury?


  Occurs suddenly during exercise or competition due to a specific impact or traumatic event

  For example a sprained ankle or torn ligament

  Pain is felt straight away and is often severe
• Describe a chronic injury?

  Occurs after playing sport for a longe period of time

  They are often called over use injuries

  They develop more slowly and occur over a long time period, often ignored by a performer
• What are the signs/symptoms of an acute injury?

  Sudden severe pain

  Swelling around the injured site

  Not being able to bear weight

  Restricted movement

  Extreme leg or arm weakness

  Protruding bone or joint visibly out of place
• What are the examples of acute injuries?

  Fractures

  Distractions

  Sprains

  Strains
• What is a fracture?


  Break or crack in the bone
• What is a closed/simple fracture?

  Clean break of the bone which does nor protrude from the skin or damage any surrounding tissue
• What is a compound/open fracture?

  Where the soft tissue or skin has been damaged around the bone

  Higher risk as their could be infection
• What are the different types of fractures?

  Comminuted- bone breaks into many fragments

  Spiral - winding break

  Longitudinal - break which occurs along the length of a bone

  Buckle - bone deforms but not breaks

  Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely

  Hair line - a partial fracture of the bone that is difficult to detect
• What is a dislocation?

  These occur at joints and are very painful

  This happens when the bones are forced out of position

  Bones will be visibly out of place and relocated by being put in a splint
• Outline the differences between a sprain and a strain?

  One or more ligaments are stretched, twisted or torn

  Only when muscle fibres stretch or tear
• Describe the possible cause, symptoms and treatment for a dislocation?


  A fall or blow, maybe with another player

  Swollen, visibly out of place, server pain, unable to move

  Manipulation of bones in splint or surgery
• Identify three symptoms or a fracture?

  Bruising in area

  Swelling in area

  Pain in area

  Deformity

  Loss of function

  Unable to bear weight

  Protruding in compound
• What are strains?


  Often called a pulled or torn muscle, when muscle fibres are stretched too far and they tear

  May occur in contact or due to over use

  Treated with rice
• What is a sprain?


  Only occur to LIGAMENTS, strong bands of tissue surrounding joints that join bone to bone

  This will occur due to excessive force applied to a joint

  Ligament is over stretched

  Needs rice
• What are the symptoms are signs of a chronic injury?

  Pain when you complete an exercise

  Dull ache when you rest

  Swelling in the effected area

  Restricted movement
• What are the examples of chronic injuries?

  Achilles tendonitis

  Stress fracture

  Tennis elbow
• Describe achilles tendonitis?


  Tendons connect muscle to bone and are strong bands made of soft tissue

  When muscles contract they help to move the bone and joint

  Injury due to overuse that causes pain and inflammation at the back of the ankle in the tendon

  May occur in activities involving running and jumping

  Connects gastrocnemius to heel bone
• Describe a stress fracture?


  An over use injury where the area will become tender and swollen

  Stress fractures are most common when in weight bearing bones

  May occur when these muscle groups become fatigued

  This stress in then transferred to the bone as it is less able to absorb shock
• Describe tennis elbow?


  Over use injury and occurs in muscles which are attached to the elbow and used to straighten the wrist

  They become inflamed and have tiny tears

  Also known as LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS

  The area will become very sore and tender
• Describe the possible causes of injury?

  Impact during a sporting game, may be with a player or the pitch

  Playing surface may effect

  Equipment being incorrectly used

  Rules not being followed

  Repetitive strain on muscle causing stress fracture
• What are the different types of injury prevention programmes?

  Screening

  Protective equipment

  Warmup

  Flexibility

  Taping and bracing
• Describe the process of screening?

  ECG electrocardiogram where electrodes are placed onto the players chest and the wires connect to an ECG machine and a printout is produced of the hearts electrical activity

  Measuring activity of heart is important due to the stress of the physical activity

  Or use musculoskeletal analysis to identify past and current problem
• What is ECG?


  Electrocardiogram electrodes are placed onto the players chest and wires connect to the ECG machine and a printout of electrical activity is produced
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of screening?

  Identify possible risks of injury

  Enhance performance

  Reduce chance of injury

  Highlight current or past injury

  Accurate training plan selection

  Save lives

  
  

  Not always accurate

  May miss issues

  Identify non existent problem

  Increase performance anxiety
• What is protective equipment?

  Wearing specific equipment correctly to prevent the performer from becoming injured
• Give some examples of protection equipment?

  Ankle and shin pads

  Scrum cap and gum shield

  Batting pads and thigh pads

  Eye guards
• Describe a warmup?


  Warmup prepares the body for exercise, reducing chances of injury from occurring due to increasing warmth/temperature and elasticity of muscles

  Pulse raiser

  Static and ballistic stretches

  Moment patterns
• Describe flexibility training?


  Stretching and moving muscles which will be most active in a specific movement

  Involves active and passive stretching

  Static and ballistic stretching are also included
• Describe the different types of stretching?

  Active - when in a stretched position performer holds muscle contraction by an agonist

  Passive - use of an external force to help the stretched position occur

  Static - stretching while not moving usually held for 30 second

  Ballistic - swinging and bouncing movements which push a body part even further
• Describe taping and bracing?

  With flexible thick tape a joint will be held in place to reduce the risk of injury

  They provide extra sport to prevent further injury, kinesiology tape is used

  
  

  Bracing is more substantial and involves thicker hinged supports, gives extras support to specific movements, reducing chance of further injury
• Apart from warming up, cooling down, and wearing suitable clothing, outline suitable precautions to prevent injury.

  Taping and bracing joints

  Strength conditioning

  Ice baths or cryotherapy

  Massages
• What are the different injury rehabilitation methods?

  Proprioceptive training

  Strength training

  Hyperbaric chambers

  Cryotherapy

  Hydrotherapy
• Describe proprioceptive training?


  Use of receptor nerves within muscles

  Efficient proprioceptive stimulation will allow for efficient movements

  Proprioception may become impaired following injury

  Involving hopping and jumping exercises to restore efficient proprioception, for example the use of a balancing board or ball may be used, requires activation of propriorecptors
• What is strength training?

  Use of resistance which can help the muscles prepare for the demand of exercise and can be used to strengthen muscles which will develop recovery
• What are the different types of strength training?


  Free weights - such as dumbbells and barbells, muscles need to stabilise the lift

  Machine weights - machine has control over resistance, improving strength during injury, can start on lower weight and then gradually build up

  Body weight - using the body as a resistance such as core exercise may be used

  Therabands - latex bands which give different strengths and resistances they will help with rehab
• Describe the use of hyperbaric chambers?

  Reduces recovery time for injury

  A pressurised chamber is used in which there is 100% pure oxygen, more o2 will diffuse into affected area, excess o2 dissolves into blood plasma where it can reduce swelling and stimulate white blood cell activity, increase blood supply to injured sight
• What are the benefits of hyperbaric chambers?

  Reduce the recovery time needed

  More o2 in haemoglobin

  More o2 dissolved in plasma

  Increase o2 delivery to muscles

  Reduce swelling

  Increase wbc production, reducing infection
• Describe the benefits of an icebath?

  Vasoconstriction

  Reduce swelling

  After getting out

  Vasodilation

  O2 in blood to muscle

  Remove lactic acid

  Prevent venous pooling
• Describe the use of cryotherapy?

  Use of cold temperatures to treat an injury

  POLICE stands for protection, optimal loading, ice compression, elevation

  Protecting the Injury as well as gently moving it, reduces losses in muscle movement, limit analgesic effect

  Ice baths are an alternative form, cryotherapy chamber will be spent in for 3 mins, blood moves to vital organs from the extreme cold

  When blood returns back to the arms and legs it increases o2 supplies to muscle