regenerating places

• San Francisco is a city of over 800000 people in California. it began as a mining territory and grew quickly during the gold rush of the mid-1800s. people rapidly migrated to the city and the population of roughly 1000 in 1848 had grown to around 30000 just two tears later

  to service the gold industry, large banks and financial offices were set up in the city. this attracted more investors and other service industries developed
• with the development of the Pacific Railroad into San Francisco in 1869, goods started to be imported into and exported out of the city and the port area on its north-east coast developed rapidly

  by 1900, the population had increased to more than 340000 people. the city also expanded further away from the coastal and bay area as more residential areas were added to it
• banking and financial service industries continued to increase the wealth of San Francisco throughout the 20th century

  more recently, the city has become highly competitive in high-tech industries, medical research and cyber-engineering. some of the world's biggest tech and media companies (Apple) have their headquarters in the Santa Clara Valley, also known as 'Silicon Valley'.
• today parts of San Francisco are continuing to grow and develop. the high-income earners of Silicon Valley are living ing gentrified areas such as Haight-Ashbury. other areas which have traditionally housed lower-income earners, such as Bayview, are rising in value and becoming unaffordable to local workers
• San Francisco

  population change 2010-2021: +1.2%

  people aged 18-65: 66.1%

  largest ethnic group: white (43.4%)

  average household income: US$126187

  average house price: US$1194500

  living with disability: 5.7%

  living in poverty: 10.3%
• the Rust Belt is the informal name for parts of northeast USA that have witnessed large scale decline since the 1950s

  Detroit was the booming centre of the US car industry between 1920 and 1960. people migrated there from all over the country, attracted by the high wages and good quality of life
• service industries also boomed and Detroit developed a large number of schools to accommodate the growing number of young families entering the city. between 1900 and 1960, the population grew from 286000 to 1.67 million

  overseas competition from Japan and South Korea led Detroit's car manufacturers to increase mechanisation in their factories. this not only reduced the work force needed to run the factories by also cut wages to reflect the skills now required of the labour force
• many white workers, who tended to be more affluent and better educated, migrated out the city. as people left, businesses and services stated to close and Detroit entered a spiral of decline. this left the city with thousands of abandoned buildings. it's estimated that by 2010, about one quarter of Detroit's 138 square mile area was vacant.

  the city declared itself bankrupt in 2013, with an estimates federal debt of over US$18 billion
• since 2013, Detroit has started to redevelop and there are signs of a slow economic recovery. much of this has come through private investment and tends to be based around small-scale and grassroots projects
• Detroit

  population change 2010-2020; -10.4%

  people aged 18-64: 61%

  largest ethnic group: Black African/American (77.9%)

  average household income: US$34762

  average house price: US$57700

  people aged under 65 living with a disability: 15.7%

  living in poverty: 31.8%
• London has long been one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in. a large part is because London is a global hub that attracts businesses from all over the world

  between 2014 and 2016, foreign investors purchased many newly built homes in the capital

  overseas investors bought 13% of newly built properties in that period, 15% of which were companies situated in offshore tax havens such as the Channel Islands
• most of the foreign investment in London real estate used to come from wealthy Russians. now though, most investment comes from Asia, with China, Malaysia and Singapore making up 61% of foreign buyers

  the homes purchased are not always multi-million-pound penthouses, the City North Islington Estate had flats starting at £380000 and foreign investors bought 78% of these
• science parks are clusters of offices, laboratories and design suites focused on quaternary industries, they group together high-tech companies, entrepreneurs and start-ups, who may collaborate and make use of expertise in local universities. science parks are often located in enterprise zones

  one aim of regeneration is to raise the value of the businesses working in an area, as well as the incomes of people working there. typically, the quaternary sector provides the highest paid employment, so regeneration schemes may look to attract these types of businesses
• local authorities will often manage the infrastructure and the original funding outlay of the park before they become populated with companies and businesses in fields such as pharmaceuticals or cyber-engineering

  an example of a science park is the Liverpool Science Park in Liverpool's Knowledge Quarter (a group of new offices, laboratories, conference facilities and a hospital that are available to small and medium sized enterprises as well as global companies). the Knowledge Quarter works closely with the universities in Liverpool
• the London 2012 Olympic bid claimed that is would transform Stratford through regeneration, but when the London Organising Committee released plans for the park, the community wasn't entirely happy
• the Clays Lane Housing Cooperative was a group of affordable home built in 1977. the Olympic plans required the Clays Lane homes to be acquired using a compulsory purchase order and for builders to demolish them, evicting up to 450 residents. these residents protested, but authorities moved them into home in poorer conditions with £8500 in compensation. since the Olympics, the area has been transformed through the purchasing and renting of the former Olympic village apartments
• the Olympic stadium, aquatic centre, and velodrome are now available for use by both the local people and national teams. the Olympic Village has been converted into 2800 flats, new office buildings, shops, restaurants and schools. the Westfield Group bought up part of the sit and created a new shopping centre. TFL enlarged and upgraded train services for people who now commute into central London from the area
• between 2014 and 2020, the One Powys Local Action Group and Powys council (in Wales) focused on multi-layered rural regeneration. this used a combination of private and public investment, including some from the EU

  individual projects tended to focus on key themes, such as renewable energy developments and local creative industries, that celebrated traditional Welsh crafts

  to allow new businesses to flourish, EU adjustment funds were used to invest in fast broadband connections, this enabled people to work from home and helped businesses reach a wider market
• Glasgow in the 1990s had an image problem. though the city was starting to develop through infrastructure projects and more cultural events, many people still saw the city as suffering from the economic difficulties of the 1970s and 1980s. people were still living in substandard housing and were generally suffering from poor health compared to the rest of the UK
• in 2004, Glasgow launched the 'Scotland with Style' campaign. the slogan aimed to promote the city as diverse, modern and forward looking. one aspect of the 'Scotland with Style' campaign was to celebrate the city's connection to prominent people like designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh. the city spent £1.5 million on inline and print advertisements which it hoped would attract £42 million in investment. in the first two years alone Glasgow attracted £23 million in visitor revenue from the campaign
• the village of Haworth in West Yorkshire lies about 8 miles West of Bradford. it is famous for being the place where the Bronte sisters wrote novels and poems during the first part of the 19th century

  visitors come to the village to seek inspiration from the same landscapes that inspired the sisters - in particular the moorland west of the village. the moorland was the backdrop for Emily Bronte's Wurthering Heights
• much of the village of Haworth hasn't changed since the Bronte sister's time. many of the buildings are listed and have a protected status and parts of the streets remain cobbled

  the village has capitalised on the fame brought to it by the sisters, with multiple tea rooms, bookshops and guesthouses with a Bronte connection. The Bronte museum (in the former parsonage where they lived) is a big attraction in the village and receives around 90000 visitors a year
• in the 1980s, the landscape of Salford Docklands in Greater Manchester was dominated by derelict warehouses and infrastructure associated with the former industrial port. a series of redevelopment plans saw Salford become a large, modern residential area with improved leisure facilities. this included the Lowry Theatre and Galley as well as the Imperial War Museum North. the BBC and ITV acquired an office and studio space as part of the £550 million Media City development, the area also had a rebrand and was renamed Salford Quays
• most people agree that there has been a visual improvement since the 1980s. however, local people question some aspects of the regeneration. post-modern architecture now dominates the skyline and important buildings from Manchester's industrial heritage have been lost. many of the new apartment buildings are too expensive for local people.
• two-bedroom flats that overlook the waterfront had a starting price of £400000 in 2020. many of the new jobs, like those in Media City, were taken by people who relocated to the area from elsewhere. when companies moved into the newly developed area, they often just moved offices rather than creating brand new jobs
• this section of the Northern Irish coast is most famous for the Giant's Causeway - an extended formation of basalt columns that attracted over 1 million visitors in 2018. to try and spread the economic potential of so many people visiting the area, and to develop industries outside of tourism and farming, there have been a number of bottom-up initiatives that have restructured the way that investments and redevelopment funds are spent. foe example, the Causeway Speciality Market only allows the sale of local produce and crafts, promoting local businesses
• between 2014 and 2020, the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council have encouraged a number of local development projects in the Moyle area of the North Antrim Coast. under the LEADER approach, a Local Action Group (LAG) was set up to distribute EU redevelopment funds of £9.6 million and decide how best to regenerate the rural area in the long term. with 280 members from a wide range of business and local interest backgrounds, the LAG promoted devolution of decision making away from stakeholders such as development corporation and the local authority
• they were able to provide up to £30000 of start-up investment to new, small, rural, non-agricultural businesses as well as up to £100000 to expand the provision of broadband into internet 'dead zones'