B1

• What is a Eukaryotic cell?

  A plant or animal cell

  Larger and more complex

  Genetic Material Enclosed in a nucleus
• What is a Prokaryotic cell

  Smaller simpler cells

  Bacteria

  Genetic material enclosed in plasmids
• What is a plasmid?


  A small ring of DNA/Genetic material
• What is the function of the nucleus


  Controls the cell
• Function of the cytoplasm


  Site of chemical reactions
• Function of the cell membrane


  Controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Function of mitochondria


  Site of respiration
• Function of ribosomes?


  Site of protein synthesis
• Function of chloroplasts


  Site of photosynthesis
• Function of permanent vacuole?

  Supports the cell and contains sap
• How is the cell wall strengthened?

  Cellulose
• What are the common parts of an animal cell

  Nucleus

  Cell membrane

  Cytoplasm

  Mitochondria

  Ribosomes
• What are the common parts of a plant cell

  Nucleus

  Cell membrane

  Cytoplasm

  Mitochondria

  Ribosomes

  Chloroplasts

  Cell Wall

  Vacuole
• What is the function of a sperm cell?

  Carry genetic information to fertilise egg cell
• How has the sperm cell adapted?

  Streamlined shape, nucleus contains 1 set of chromosomes, lots of mitochondria for respiration, contains digestive enzymes.
• What is the function of a nerve cell

  Transmit electrical impulses around the body
• How is a nerve cell adapted?

  Long, lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells
• What is the function of a muscle cell

  Contract and relax to bring about movement
• How is a muscle cell adapted

  Lots of mitochondria for respiration
• What is the function of root hair cells

  Absorb mineral ions and water from soil
• How is a root hair cell adapted

  Large surface area with lots of mitochondria for respiration
• What is the function of the xylem


  Transport water around the plant
• How are xylem adapted for their function

  Few cell structures for more space

  Supported by lignin
• What are the function of phloem cells


  Transport sugars around the plant
• How are phloem cells adapted for their function

  Few cell structures and supported by companion cells
• What are the advantages of electron microscopes

  Higher magnification

  Higher resolution
• What have been the benefits of electron microscopes

  Examines cells in much finer detail which has led to a better understanding of sub cellular structures
• What is diffusion


  Movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration in a gas or solution
• What substances in animals and plants are transported through diffusion

  Oxygen

  Carbon dioxide

  Urea
• How does the difference in concentration affect the rate of diffusion


  Increased concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion
• How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

  Increased temperature increases rate of diffusion due to increase of kinetic energy in particles
• How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion

  Increased surface area increases rate of diffusion
• How are single-celled organisms adapted for diffusion

  Large surface area to volume ratio
• How is the small intestine adapted for exchange


  Vili increases surface area

  Thin cell membrane for short diffusion pathway

  Rich blood supply to maintain steep concentration gradient

  Lots of mitochondria
• How are the lungs adapted for exchange

  Lots of alveoli for a large surface area

  Thin membrane for short diffusion pathway

  Good ventilation and blood supply to maintain steep concentration gradient
• How are the gills in a fish adapted for exchange

  Large surface area

  Thin membrane

  Good ventilation and blood supply to maintain steep concentration gradient
• How are the roots adapted for exchange

  Large surface area

  Thin

  Lots of mitochondria for active transport
• How are leaves adapted for exchange

  Large surface area and thin for short diffusion pathway
• What is Osmosis


  The movement of water from a dilute to concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
• What is active transport

  The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to concentrated solution against concentration gradient

  (REQUIRES ENERGY)