Biological Molecules

• What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?

  Monomer are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made. Polymers are the molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
• Identify examples of three polymers.

  Starch; Proteins and DNA.
• What is the name of the reaction that joins two monomers together?

  Condensation Reaction.
• What is the name of the reaction that breaks bonds between monomers?

  Hydrolysis Reaction.
• What type of carbohydrate are glucose, galactose and fructose?

  Monosaccharides.
• What monomers make up sucrose, lactose and maltose?

  Sucrose: Glucose and fructose.

  Lactose: Glucose and galactose.

  Maltose: Glucose and glucose.
• What do we call a molecule that consists of two monosaccharides?

  Disaccharide.
• What do we call a molecule that consists of many monosaccharides bonded together?

  Polysaccharide.
• Glucose has two isomers. What does this mean?

  Alpha and Beta glucose.
• Identify one similarity and one difference between glycogen and starch.

  Similarity: Both are polysaccharides.

  Difference: Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, while starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.
• Identify two differences between starch and cellulose?

  Starch has Alpha glucose. Whereas, Cellulose has Beta glucose.

  Starch is used for the storage of glucose. Whereas, Cellulose provides structural strength in the cell wall.
• How would you test for a reducing sugar?

  Add Benedict’s Reagent to food sample.

  Heat in water bath.

  If the solution turns into brick red precipitate then a reducing sugar is present.
• What is an example of a monomer?

  Glucose; Amino acid; Nucleotide.
• What is an example of a polymer?

  Starch; proteins and DNA.
• What happens in a Condensation Reaction?

  Joining two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing water.
• What happens in a Hydrolysis Reaction?

  Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of water.
• What do carbohydrates contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Give three examples of carbohydrates.

  Monosaccharides; Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
• Give three examples of Monosaccharides.

  Glucose, fructose and galactose.
• Give three examples of Disaccharides.

  Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose.
• Give three examples of Polysaccharides.

  Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen.
• What are the bonds called in Disaccharides?

  Glycosidic bonds.
• Give an example of a hydrolysis reaction.

  Starch broken down into maltose/glucose;

  Proteins broken down into amino acids.
• What is a monomer?

  Small units which combine to form long chains (polymers).
• What is a polymer?

  Long chains of monomers.
• What are the bonds called in lipids?

  Ester bonds.
• What is the structure of a Phospholipid?

  Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
• What are triglycerides made from?

  1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• What are phospholipids made from?

  1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate.
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  Unsaturated contain double bonds, whereas, saturated don't.
• What is the test for lipids?

  Emulsion test:

  add ethanol and water;

  shake;

  positive result is mild white emulsion.
• What do biological catalysts do?

  Speed up chemical reactions, by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
• What are the factors affecting enzyme reactions?

  Temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, and presence of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
• What do nucleotides contain?

  Phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.
• What do nucleotides in DNA contain?

  Nucleotides in DNA contain deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of the four bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.
• What do nucleotides in RNA contain?

  Nucleotides in RNA contain ribose, a phosphate, and one of the four bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.
• What are the roles of ATP?

  Active Transport; Movement; Metabolic processes.