Histopathology

• a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues

  anatomical pathology
• Histopathology is composed of 3 greek words: histos, pathos, logia meaning?

  histos- tissue

  pathos- suffering

  logia- study of
• the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.

  histopathology
• refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides.

  histopathology
• histopathology is commonly performed by

  surgeon

  interventional radiologist

  interventional cardiologists
• Physicians gather the specimen from the patient using variety of ways this would include:

  biopsy

  surgical operation
• biopsy when an entire lump or suspicious area is removed

  excisional biopsy
• biopsy: samples a portion of the abnormal tissue without attempting to remove the entire lesion or tumor

  incisional biopsy
• when a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells.

  needle aspiration biopsy
• steps in tissue specimen processing

  fixation

  dehydration

  clearing / dealcoholization

  infiltration / impregnation

  embedding

  trimming

  sectioning / microtomy

  staining

  mounting

  labelling
• uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury by removing the whole or portion of the target organ/tissue.

  surgical
• each specimen would be given a

  unique accession code
• retention time for tissue specimen

  1 month to 1 year
• Retention time for requisition form

  2 years
• turnover of the result for histopathology

  24 hours
• how many copies of the findings are needed and for whom

  3 copies

  doctor

  patient

  laboratory file
• retention time:

  tissue block(paraffin):

  pathology slides:

  surgical pathology report:

  3-10 years

  indefinite

  10 years
• cytopathology is made up of 3 greek words: kytos, pathos, logia meaning?

  a hollow

  suffering

  study of
• a branch of pathology that studies and diagnose diseases on the cellular level.

  cytopathology
• cytopathology was founded by and when

  George Nicolas Papanicolaou, in 1928
• used samples are:

  free cells or tissue fragments
• aid in the diagnosis of cancer but also in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions.

  cytopathology
• There are two methods of collecting cells for cytopathologic analysis:

  exfoliative cytology

  intervention cytology sediment cytology
• desquamated cells

  exfoliative cytology
• intervenes into the body for sample collection.

  intervention cytology
• cells are collected after they have been either spontaneously shed by the body.

  spontaneous exfoliation
• cells are manually scraped/brushed off of a surface in the body.

  mechanical exfoliation
• involves use of a needle attached to a syringe is to collect cells from lesions or masses in various body organs by microcoring, often with the application of negative pressure (suction) to increase yield.

  fine needle aspiration cytology
• what gauges of needle is used in fine needle aspiration cytology

  23-27 gauge
• the sample is collected and mixed with a fixative taken into a centrifuge tube and is centrifuged. The sediment is used for smearing

  sediment cytology
• method of smear preparation

  streaking

  spreading

  impression / touch preparation

  pull apart
• Retention time:

  Specimen (serum and other body fluids): Requisition form: Cell blocks (paraffin): Pathology slides:

  48 hours

  2 years

  3 to 10 years

  indefinite
• steps in cytology specimen processing

  fixation

  staining

  mounting

  labelling
• a branch of genetics that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behavior, particularly to their behavior during mitosis and meiosis.

  cytogenetics
• first observed chromosomes of plant cells in 1842.

  Karl Wilhelm von Nageli
• discovered mitosis

  Walther Flemming
• coined the term chromosomes.

  Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer
• define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes.

  Levitsky
• reported 47 hromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia.

  Hans von Winiwarter
• was not certain whether the diploid number of man was 46 or 48 and he correctly insisted on man having an XX/XY system.

  Theophilus Painter