Sp

• The history of modern social and psychological sciences in the Philippines can be traced alongside the country's colonial history
• When the United States colonized the Philippines in the early 1900s, it established the American educational system and the use of the American English language as the medium of instruction
• With Philippine independence in 1946, American colonial education continued
• With independence came questions of Filipino national identity and nationhood
• In the 1960s, Filipino psychologists began confronting the issue of applicability of Western theories, concepts, and methods to Filipino realities
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino


  A protest against colonization or Philippine colonial education; hence, the push towards the indigenization of psychology in the Philippines
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino is part of a worldwide indigenization movement that began in the sixties
• The Philippines is considered to have the strongest and most articulate indigenous psychology in Asia
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino


  • Emphasizes national identity and consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of language and culture, and applications and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, among others
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino


  Needs to be ethical or respectful of the Filipino (makatao), to be relevant to Filipino social realities (makabuluhan), and to be culturally appropriate (angkop sa kultura)
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino urged Filipino psychologists to confront social problems and national issues as well as to utilize indigenous theories and methods
• The use of the Filipino language in Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a means of understanding Filipino culture was integral, with language seen as reflecting indigenous culture and promoting national culture
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a psychology of, for, and by Filipinos, a psychology that is applicable to Filipino everyday life
• Kapwa


  The core value that connects all the different Filipino values, the "self with others"
• Pakiramdam


  The interpersonal value that links the core value of kapwa to the surface values, shared inner perception
• Kagandahang-loob


  The sociopersonal value that links the core value of kapwa to Filipino societal values, shared humanity
• Pakikiramdam


  The value of sensing or perceiving what another person is feeling or thinking, in order to manifest the appropriate surface value toward others
• Pagkamakatao


  The value of sharing the value of freedom, justice, and dignity with the rest of Philippine society, through experiencing shared humanity
• Enriquez' theory of Filipino personality or Filipino value structure is uniquely Filipino due to its non-individualistic orientation of kapwa theory
• What is the primary focus of Social Disorganization Theory?


  To explain variation in delinquency and crime across macro units like neighborhoods.
• How does Social Disorganization Theory view the role of the environment in deviance?


  It emphasizes that the environment determines where deviance thrives, not individual will.
• What key question does Social Disorganization Theory address regarding urban areas?


  Why do some neighborhoods manage deviance while others fail to reduce it?
• What is social disorganization as defined in the theory?


  It is the inability of communities to realize common values or address shared problems due to structural barriers.
• What structural barriers contribute to social disorganization?


  Poverty, population turnover, and racial/ethnic segregation.
• When did Social Disorganization Theory emerge?


  In the late 19th century and early 20th century.
• What urban issues were prevalent in cities like Chicago during the emergence of Social Disorganization Theory?


  High levels of crime and deviance, including gambling and violence.
• How did early researchers attribute deviance in urban areas?


  They attributed it to new immigrants who were scapegoated for societal problems.
• What did Chicago researchers demonstrate about deviance in neighborhoods?


  That deviance persisted in certain neighborhoods over time, despite changes in racial and ethnic groups.
• What limitation did early researchers face regarding social disorganization and delinquency?


  They failed to distinguish social disorganization from delinquency, defining it circularly.
• What did Stark (1987) contribute to Social Disorganization Theory?


  He developed 30 propositions linking neighborhood characteristics to high deviance rates.
• What are the new directions suggested by Bursik (1988) for Social Disorganization Theory?


  • Viewing the neighborhood as a social context for individual behavior.
  • Using self-reported behavior and victimization surveys.
  • Considering feedback effects of crime on social disorganization.
• What did Shaw and McKay (1942/1969) observe about delinquency rates?


  They linked high delinquency rates to economic deprivation, population turnover, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity.
• How did Bursik and Grasmick (1993) expand on the relationship between economic deprivation and crime?


  They showed that economic deprivation indirectly affects crime through racial/ethnic heterogeneity and population turnover.
• What did Sampson and Groves (1989) propose regarding structural factors and crime?


  They proposed that sparse friendship networks and low organizational participation mediate the relationship between structural factors and crime.
• What did Osgood and Chambers (2000) find when applying Social Disorganization Theory to nonmetropolitan counties?


  They found that population turnover, family disruption, and ethnic heterogeneity were related to juvenile crime.
• What did Moore and Sween (2015) discover in their study of non-metropolitan counties?


  They confirmed the theory's applicability to rural areas with similar results to urban studies.
• What types of deviance did early researchers apply Social Disorganization Theory to?


  Mental illness, prostitution, gambling, alcoholism, and drug use.
• What did Breetzke (2010) find in his study in Tshwane, South Africa?


  He found that socioeconomic deprivation and residential mobility were positively related to violent crime.
• What unexpected findings did Zhang, Messner, and Liu (2007) report in Tianjin, China?


  Poverty was unrelated to burglary, and residential stability was linked to higher burglary rates.
• What did Jobes, Barclay, and Weinand (2004) find in New South Wales, Australia?


  They found that ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability, and family disruption explained a significant portion of crime variation.