Biochem F

• Glycolysis


  The metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate
• Anaerobic pathways


  Metabolic pathways in which molecular oxygen is NOT a participant
• Aerobic pathways


  Pathways that REQUIRE molecular oxygen
• Six carbon stage formations

  1. Phosphorylation

  2. Isomerization

  3. Phosphorylation

  4. Cleavage

  5. Isomerization

  6. Oxidation and Phosphorylation

  7. Phosphorylation of ADP

  8. Isomerization

  9. Dehydration

  10. Phosphorylation of ADP
• Six Carbon stage formations and enzymes

  1. Formation of Glucose 6-Phosphate

  2. Formation of Fructose 6-Phosphate

  3. Formation of Fructose 1 and 6-Bisphosphate

  4. Formation of Two Triose Phosphates

  5. Formation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

  6. Formation of 1 and 3 Bisphosphoglycerate

  7. Formation of 3-Phosphoglycerate

  8. Formation of 2-Phosphoglycerate

  9. Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate

  10. Formation of Pyruvate
• Enzymes in six carbon stage

  • HEXOkinase
  • PhosphoGLUCOisomerase
  • PhosphoFRUCTOkinase
  • ALDOlase
  • TRIOsephosphate isomerase
  • G3P Dehydrogenase
  • PhosphoglyCEROkinase
  • PhosphoglyceroMUTASE
  • ENOlase
  • PYRUVATE kinase
• Net ATP produced per Glycolysis Cycle

  2 ATP
• Net pyruvate produced per Glycolysis Cycle

  2 pyruvate molecules
• Pyruvate


  Oxidized to acetyl CoA
• Lactate


  Enzymatic anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to lactate
• Ethanol


  Enzymatic anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Glycogenesis


  Metabolic pathway by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate
• Gluconeogenesis


  Metabolic pathway in the liver by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials
• Pentose phosphate pathway


  Metabolic pathway by which glucose is used to produce NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate, and numerous other sugar phosphates
• Cori cycle


  Cyclic biochemical process in which glucose is converted to lactate in muscle tissue, and lactate is reconverted to glucose in the liver
• Insulin


  Hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; its function is to lower blood glucose levels
• Glucagon


  Polypeptide hormone produced in the pancreas by alpha cells; its function is to increase blood-glucose concentrations
• HCl


  Denatures the protein
• Pepsin


  From stomach and is converted by gastric acid to become zymogen
• Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase


  From pancreas into small intestine, known as zymogen when inactive
• Aminopeptidase


  From small intestine
• Amino acid pool


  Total supply of free amino acids available for use in the human body
• Transamination


  Biochemical process in which the amino group of an alpha-amino acid is transferred to an alpha-keto acid
• Alanine


  New product is Pyruvate
• Alpha Keto-Glutarate


  New product is Glutamate
• Oxidative deamination


  An amino acid is converted into the corresponding keto acid by the removal of the amine functional group
• Glucogenic amino acid


  Amino acid that can be used to produce glucose
• Ketogenic amino acid


  Amino acid that can be used to produce fatty acids and ketone bodies
• Urea cycle


  Series of biochemical reactions in which urea is produced from ammonium ions and carbon dioxide
• Urea cycle happens in the liver
• Ammonium ion must be taken out of the body since it is toxic, and it needs to be converted to urea
• Urea cycle enzymes

  • Ornithine transcarbamoylase
  • Argininosuccinate SYNTHETHASE
  • Argininosuccinate LYASE
  • Arginase
• Net ATP used per Urea Cycle

  4 ATP
• Net ATP used per Carbamoyl phosphate formation

  2 ATP
• Hemoglobin


  Conjugated protein with two parts
• Bile pigments


  Tetrapyrrole degradation products secreted via the bile
• Bile pigments

  • Biliverdin
  • Bilirubin
  • Stercobilin
  • Urobilin
• Biliverdin


  Green in color
• Bilirubin


  Reddish orange in color
• Stercobilin


  Brownish in color