INfancy and toddler

• Delayed speech


  Due to lack of interaction with the caregiver
• Delayed cognition


  Due to lack of stimulation
• Erik Erikson's first psychosocial crisis


  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Ideally, babies develop a balance between trust and mistrust
  • If trust predominates, children develop Hope and the belief that they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires
• Erikson's psychosocial crises and virtues


  • Infancy (0-18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust, Hope
  • Toddler (18 months - 36 months): Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, Will
• Maladaptive Tendency for Infancy

  Sensory Maladjustment - overly trusting and gullible, unrealistic, spoiled
• Malignant Tendency for Infancy

  Withdrawal - never trust anyone, paranoid, neurotic, depressive
• Maladaptive Tendency for Toddler

  Impulsiveness - shameless willfulness that leads to jump into things without proper consideration, reckless, inconsiderate
• Malignant Tendency for Toddler


  Compulsiveness - perfectionism, rule follower, anal, constrained
• Successful in Infancy stage

  Hopeful child
• Failed in Infancy stage

  Withdrawn child
• Self-Concept


  Our image of ourselves; it describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions
• By at least 3 months, infants pay attention to their mirror image
• Pretend Play


  An early indication of the ability to understand other's mental states and their own
• Usage of person pronouns (me, mine) usually at 20-24 months
• Socialization


  • Process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible and productive members of the society
  • Children obey societal or parental dictates because they believe them to be right and true
  • The eventual goal is the development of conscience
• Situational Compliance


  Extra assistance provided by their parents' reminder and prompts to complete the task
• Committed Compliance


  They were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention
• Receptive Cooperation


  Eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions, but in variety of daily interactions
• Anal Stage (Freud)


  • Development of children is focused on controlling bowel movements
  • Fixations of this stage leads to Anal-Retentive and Anal-Expulsive Individuals
  • Anal Retentive: obsessed with orderliness and tidiness due to strict potty training
  • Anal-Expulsive: very messy and disorganized adults due to lax potty training