middle and late childhood

• Representational Systems


  Broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self
• She can compare her real self with her ideal self


  Can judge how well she measures up to social standards in comparison with others
• Children are unable to obtain the praise of adults or peers in their lives, or lack motivation and self-esteem


  They may develop a feeling of low self-worth, thus develop a sense of inferiority
• Developing a sense of industry


  • Learning how to work hard to achieve goals
• Maladaptive Tendency: Narrow Virtuosity


  • Children that aren't allowed to "be children" and push into one area of competence
• Malignant Tendency: Inertia


  • Suffer from inferiority complexes
• Significant Persons


  • Neighborhood and School
• As children grow, they are more aware of their own and other people's feelings
• Children are typically aware of feeling shame and pride and a clearer idea of the difference between guilt and shame
• Emotional Self-Regulation


  Voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior
• Children tends to become more empathetic and more inclined to prosocial behaviors
• Gender Stereotypes


  Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females
• Coregulation


  Children and parents share power
• The amount of autonomy parents provide


  Affects how their children feel about them
• Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they believe the parents are fair and concerned about the child's welfare
• Parents of school-age children tends to use inductive techniques as a form of discipline
• Children exposed to high levels of family conflict


  More likely to show a variety of responses that can include internalizing or externalizing behaviors
• If family conflict is constructive, it can help children see the need for rules and standards and learn what issues are worth arguing about and what strategies can be effective
• The more satisfied a mother is with her employment status


  The more effective she is likely to be a parent
• Though poverty can harm children's development, high-quality parenting can buffer children from potential consequences of poverty
• Children tend to do better in families with two continuously married parents than in cohabiting, divorced, single-parent, or step-families
• Parent's relationship, the quality of their parenting, and their ability to create a favorable family atmosphere affect children's adjustment more than their marital status does
• Children whose parents later divorce show more anxiety, depression, or antisocial behavior prior to the divorce than those parents who stay married
• Children do better with joint custody
• Co-parenting has been consistently linked to positive child outcomes
• Most adopted children fall within the normal range of development
• Children adopted after the age 1 were more likely to show lower school achievement
• Having a warm and supportive sibling relationship is associated with better adjustment and better emotion regulation
• Sisters are higher in sibling intimacy than brothers or mixed-sex dyads
• Peer groups helps children learn how to adjust their needs and desires to those of others, when to yield, and when to stand firm
• Children can gauge their abilities and gain a clearer sense of self-efficacy
• Prejudice


  Unfavorable attitudes towards outsiders
• Children can be negatively affected by discrimination
• Girls are more likely to engage in cross-gender activities
• Positive Nomination


  Asking children who they like to play with, they like the most, or who they think other kids like the most
• Negative Nomination


  Opposite of positive nomination
• Sociometric Popularity


  Measures that is composed of positive nominations, negative nominations or no nominations
• Average children


  • Receive an average no of both positive and negative nominations
• Neglected Children


  • Infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked
• Rejected Children


  • Disliked by peers